L U N 



•tTie latter has ceafed. If the fpinal marrow be divided be- 

 tween the lall cervical and firft dorfal vertebra, the intercof- 

 tal mufcles are paralyfed, and refpiration is carried on by 

 the diaphragm only. If tlie phrenic nerves be cut, the dia- 

 phragm is rendered motionlcfs, and the intercollals alone per- 

 form breathing. In either of thcfe cafes hfe may be conti- 

 nued for fome time. But if the phrenic nerves and the 

 fpinal marrow about the bottom of the neck be both di- 

 vided ; or, which comes to the fame thing, if the fpinal 

 marrow be cut through above the origin of the phrenic nerves, 

 all communication between the brain and the agents of refpi- 

 ration is fufpended, and death immediately follows. The 

 rdifferenceof half an inch in the height at which the feftion is 

 made is fo important, that, if it be done at one point, the ani- 

 mal fhall live fifteen or twenty hours, if half an inch nearer 

 to the brain, he will die immediately. In the former cafe it 

 is below, in the latter above the origin of the phrenic nerve : 

 in the one inftance refpiration and confequently li.'e ccafes, 

 becaufe the diaphragm and intercollal mufcles can aft no 

 longer ; in the other the diaphragm carries on the refpira- 

 tory fundlions, and confequently fupports life for fome 

 time. 



The faftsjuft detailed fhew, that when the nervous fyftem 

 is injured above the origin of the phrenic nerves, the pheno- 

 mena of death fucceed in the following order : I, fufpenfinn 

 of the aftion of the voluntary nerves below the injury, and 

 confequently of the intcrcoftal and phrenic ; 2, paralyfis of 

 all the mufcles of the animal life fupplied by thofe nerves, 

 particularly of the diaphragm and intercoftal mufcles ; 

 3, celFation of the mechanical phenomena of refpiration, for 

 want of the agents neceffary to th>>fe phenomena ; 4, anni- 

 hilation of the chemical phenomena. The interruption of 

 .all thefe motions is as rapid as their fucceflion is quick in the 

 natural order. Death comes on in this way from a divifion 

 crcompreflion of the medulla fpinalis near the brain, from a 

 luxation of the fccond vertebra, from concuffion or compref- 

 fion of the brain, &c. 



Thus we fee that refpiration is a funftion of a mixed kind, 

 placed in a manner between the two lives, and ferving as 

 their point of contaft, belonging to the animal life by its me- 

 chanical, and to the organic by its chemical phenomena. 

 Hence the aftivity of the lung depends as much on that of 

 the brain, which is the centre of the former, as on that of 

 the heart, which is the central organ of the latter. 

 LuNG.s, Confumption of. See Consumption. 

 Lungs, Dropfy of. See Duopsy. 

 Lungs, lufammation of. See PeripneumONY. 

 Lungs, Polypus of the. See Polypus. 

 Lungs, Wounds of the. See Wounds. 

 Lungs of InfeSs. See Entomology and Insects. 

 Lungs, Sea, in Zoology. See Medusa. 

 Lungs, Ship's. See Ventilator. 

 LUNGSAKP, in Geography, a town of Sweden, in 

 ■Weft Gothland ; 57 miles from Gotheborg. 



LUNGSUND, a town of Sweden, in Warmeland ; 25 

 miles N.E. of Carlftadt. N. lat. 58° 48'. E. long. 



LUNGU, a fmall ifland in the Eaft Indian fea, near the 

 soaft of Qiieda. N. lat. 6 39'. E. long. 99 4Z'. 



LUNG-WORT, in Botany, fe'r. See Pulmonaria. 



LuNC^woitr, Cow's or Bullock's. See Verbascum. 



LUNISOLAR, m Ajlnmomy and Chronology, denotes 

 fomething compofed of the revolution of the lun, and of 

 that of the moon. 



LuNJsoLAR Tear, is a period of years made by multi- 

 plying the cycle of the moon, which is nineteen, by that of 

 the fun, which is twenty-eight ; the produfl of which i« 



L U P 



Cve hundred and thirty-two ; in which fpace of time tliofe 

 two luminaries return to the fame points. 



LUNKA, in Geography, a town of Samogitia ; 40 mile! 

 N.E. of Micdniki. 



LUNTENliUllG,or Brzed.slaw, atown of Moravia, 

 in the circle of Brunn ; 36 miles S.E. of Brunn. 



LUNTZ, a townof Auilria; 15 miles S.E. of Bavarian 

 Waidhofen. 



LUNULA, in Geometry. See Lunk. 

 Lunula, the Half-moon, among the Romans, an orna- 

 ment the patricians wore on their (hoes. 



I^UNULA was alfo an ornament in form of a moon, worn 

 by the ladies. 



LUNULAR Angles. See Ancle. 

 LUNULARIA, in Botany, fo called from the crefcent- 

 (haped calyx, as it is now thought to be, of the male flowers. 

 Midi. Gen. 4. t. 4. See Marchantia cruc'iata of Linnxus, 

 who bv miftake cites it by the name of Lunaria. 

 LUNUL.ATUM Folium. See Leaf. 

 LUOPIOIS, in Geography, a town of Sweden, in the 

 province of Tavaltland ; 23 miles N. of Tavafthus. 



LUPANNA, an illand in the Adriatic, near the republic 

 of Ragufa, which has a good and fafe harbour. The foil, 

 though llony, is by the indnilry of tiie inhabitants rendered 

 fertile. The coafts abound with fiih. 



LUPARA, a town of Naples, in the Molife ; 17 miles 

 N.E. of Mohfe. 



LUPATA, a chain of African mountains in Mocaranga, 

 S. lat. I :; to 17-. 



LUPERCALIA, feafts celebrated in Greece, and at 

 Rome, in honour of the god Pan. 



The word comes from Lupercal, the name of a place 

 under the Palatine mountain, where the facrifices were per- 

 formed. 



The Lupercalia were celebrated on the fifteenth of the 

 calends of March, that is, on the fifteenth of February; 

 or, as Ovid obferves, on the third day after the ides. They 

 are fuppofed to have been eftabliflied by Evander, or brought 

 by him from Arcadia into Italy. The Arundel Marbles 

 afcribe the inftitution of thefe feafts to Lycaon, king of 

 Arcadia, who afterwards polluted them by facrificing hu- 

 man viftims. This feaft, after having been interrupted for 

 fome ages, was re-eftablifhed in Athens, in the time of 

 Pandira, as we learn from the loth era of the fame mar- 

 bles. Lycurgus aboliihed at Lacedsmonia the barbarous 

 cuftom of offering human victims. Valerius Maximus 

 is of opinion, that this feftival was only introduced in the 

 time of Romulus, at the perfuafion of the fhepherd 

 Fauftulus. 



On the morning of the feaft, the Luperci, or priefts of 

 Pan, ran naked through the ftreets of Rome, ftnking the 

 married women they met on the hands and belly with a 

 thong, or ftrap, of goat's leather ; which was held an omen 

 promifing them fecundity and happy deliveries. 



The reafon of this indecent cuftom, in celebrating the 

 Lupercalia, took its rife, as it has been faid, from Romulus 

 and Remus : for while they were affifting at this feaft, a 

 body of robbers, taking hold of the occafion, plundered 

 them of their flocks. Upon this the two brothers, and all 

 the youth that were with them, throwing oif their clothes, 

 to be the more expedite, purfued the thieves and recovered 

 their prey. This fucceeded fo well, that henceforward this 

 ceremony became a part of the Lupercalia. 



This feaft was abohlhed in the time of Auguftus ; but it 

 was afterwards reftored, and continued to the time of the 

 emperor Anaftafius. Baronius fays it was aboliftied by pope 

 Gelafius, in 469. 



LUPERCI, 



