44 THE PROBLEM OF ANTIQUITY OF MAN IN AUSTRALIA 
Typography of certain stone implements found in Australia 
may furnish evidence of antiquity. Crude flint implements deeply 
patinated are fairly abundant in the south-east corner of South 
Australia, and McCarthy (1940) holds that both typography and 
patination indicate their antiquity, and he compares them with 
products of the Hoabinhien cultural phase of the Far East. 
Tindale (1937a) considered that Tasmanian implements show 
typological evolution and that certain artefacts found on Kanga- 
roo Island and elsewhere in South Australia are primitive and 
ancient. Hale and Tindale (1928) recorded six successive cultural 
stages in implements found at Tartanga and Devon Downs, South 
Australia. Throughout Australia are found implements the uses 
of which are apparently unknown to modern aborigines; among 
them are microliths which recall those of Azilian age in Europe 
resembling small Gravette points and Chatelperron points (Casey, 
1934, 1936; Campbell and Noone, 1943). 
Australian aborigines use both highly specialized and very crude 
stone implements and even unflaked stones with natural sharp 
edges (Mountford, 1940). In basing inferences on typography, 
this fact must be borne in mind. Little is known about length of 
time required for patination to occur, but it evidently varies both 
with rock type and with atmospheric conditions; deep patination 
therefore cannot always be assumed to indicate antiquity. 
SUMMARY 
Evidence set out above indicates that mankind migrated into 
Australia at a period that is certainly ancient in the historical 
and almost certainly in the geological sense, as is shown by the 
geological investigations of R. A. Keble and Miss Hope Macpher- 
son and by the Myrniong implements. 
The evidence also strongly suggests that the earliest migrants 
belonged to a Tasmanoid (Negrito) race that had no domestic dog, 
and that this race occupied the mainland and found its way to 
Tasmania. Ata later date came a wave of Australoid (Dravidian) 
immigrants with their domestic dog, the dingo; on the mainland 
they dispossessed the Tasmanoids and absorbed some part of them, 
but they did not cross Bass Strait to Tasmania, except in small 
numbers during modern times. 
Tasmanian and Australian, especially West Australian, skulls 
have certain characteristics in common, Anatomical studies of 
the Keilor skull by Dr. J. Wunderly and Dr. Wm. Adam indicate 
that this arises from racial intermixture rather than from close 
kinship between the original Tasmanoid and Australoid races. 
