VANIEA 
1214. 
T2052 
1216. 
1217. 
1218. 
1219. 
1220: 
1221. 
1222. 
1223. 
1224. 
1225. 
1226. 
T2277. 
1228. 
1229. 
1230. 
1237. 
(49 ) 
trunks and branches, stumps, and roots are commonly used. They are 
closely stacked in a circular pile on a cement or other hard base, around the 
edges of which a trench is dug, which trench empties into a suitable pit. 
The stack is then surrounded by earth and sods, to exclude air, except at the 
top, where the stack is then ignited. As the uppermost wood burns, the 
heat liquifies the turpentine in the wood just below, that turpentine dripping 
out and down through the stack and into the trench, whence it flows into 
the pit. The wood thus exhausted then burns and distils the next lower 
layer, the process continuing until all the wood is burned. This tar would 
naturally be of light color, but the smoke and other products of burning 
turn it black. When cold, it becomes hard. By subjecting it to distilla- 
tion, a volatile oil is obtained, known as oil of tar. The residue is common 
or naval pitch, largely used in caulking the seams of ships. 
Oil of tar. A volatile oil distilled from tar. 
Naval pitch. 
A turpentine box cut in the trunk of Pinus palustris Miller. 
Leafy branches of pine-tar tree. 
Picture of the same. 
Picture of tools used in cutting turpentine boxes. 
Picture of turpentine orcharding, or of men engaged in collecting turpentine. 
Gandor-Biroza resin.—The product ef Pinus longifolia Roxb. Native of 
the Himalaya region, British India. 
Pine balls.—A turpentine exuding from Pinus caribaea Morelet. Native 
of the southeastern United States, and West Indies. Collected at Miami, 
Florida, by Small and Wilson. 
Canada turpentine. Balsam of fir.—The oleo-resin of Abies balsamea (L.) 
Miller. Native of eastern North America. Presented by Seabury & 
Johnson, of New York. 
Pix Burgundica. Burgundy pitch—The prepared turpentine of Picea 
Abies (L.) Karst. Native of southern Europe, and cultivated. In this 
case the exuded turpentine is melted in hot water and strained. In the 
process it takes up a considerable amount of water and becomes hard on 
cooling. Presented by Seabury & Johnson, of New York. 
Pix Canadensis. Canada pitch.—The prepared oleo-resin of Tsuga cana- 
densis (L.) Carr. Native of northern North America. 
Sandarac, or Sandaraca. (See No. 1150.) Same donor. 
Dammar.—The product of Agathis loranthifolius Salisb. and of other species 
of Agathis. Native of the East Indies and New Zealand. Same donor. 
Amber. Succinum.—A fossil resin, produced by Pinites succinifer Goeppert. 
It is mostly obtained on the shores of the Baltic, where it is washed up 
out of the earth by the waves and thrown upon the beach. Presented by 
P. B. Bjerregaard, of New York City. 
Brown kowree. (See No. 982 et seq.) 
White kowree. (See No. 982 et seq.) Supposed to be the product of Agathis 
australis (Lamb) Steud. Native of Australia and neighboring islands. 
Presented by S. Patterson, of New York City. 
Yellow kowree. Same donor. 
Another specimen of the same. Same donor. 
