(8) 
45. Low middling. 
46. Middling. 
47. Middling fair. 
48. Good middling. 
49. Fair. 
50. Ginned Sea Island cotton. From the Clark Thread Company. 
51. Ginned Egyptian cotton. From the Clark Thread Company. 
CoTTon YARN 
Cotton yarn is employed for weaving into cloth. It is 
produced by a series of manufacturing processes which 
begin with the removal of the cotton from the bale and its 
separation into a loose mass which can be easily handled. 
The machine which performs this work is the bale-breaker. 
In the process, much of the coarse foreign matter is removed 
from the cotton. The next process is lapping and blending. 
A thin layer, known as a Jap, is taken from each variety or 
grade of cotton that is to enter into the mixture and these 
laps are laid one upon another, in the desired order and 
amount, until a suitable pile has been formed. The cotton, 
as it is to be used, is then cut off in slices from the sides of 
this pile. This cotton is then run through one or more 
scutching machines which remove the impurities and some- 
what straighten it. It is then carded, in order to still 
further clean and straighten it. It is then put through a 
number of machines which more thoroughly intermingle 
the fibers of the different grades originally mixed. In this 
work several strands or cords are run through a machine 
which unites them into one lap. Several of these laps are 
united similarly, and this process is repeated until the inter- 
mingling is perfected. Most of these machines remove 
remaining impurities from the lap. From the final lap 
the yarn is spun by a machine called the spinning-jinney. 
The yarn is then put through one or more boiling processes 
to cleanse and free it from fat, after which it is bleached or 
dyed and wound upon spools or formed into hanks. 
52. A dried specimen of the American upland cotton plant, Gossypium punctatum 
Sch. & Thon. 
