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alkaloid, but is bitter and aromatic and is used for smoking by the North 
American Indians, usually mixed with tobacco or Lobelia. 
2134. Smoking opium.—This is opium (See No. 2572) specially prepared for use 
in smoking, chiefly by the Chinese. For this purpose the crude opium is 
broken up into small pieces and boiled in water, the impurities and inferior 
portions being skimmed off the top. It is then evaporated to the consist- 
ency of thick molasses, in which form it is sold for use. A little pellet of 
this is gathered on the end of a tiny spoon, and is partially dried in the 
flame of alamp. It is thus prepared for introduction into the pipe. 
MAsTICATORIES 
Masticatories are substances chewed by human beings 
otherwise than as foods. No very perfect explanation has 
ever been offered for the very general desire among human 
beings of all races to employ these substances. In some 
cases this is done in order to obtain the effects upon the 
nervous system of certain powerful constituents which are 
contained in the masticatories. ‘This is true in the case of 
tobacco, containing nicotine, coca leaves containing co- 
caine, betel nuts containing arecoline, and cola nuts con- 
taining caffeine. In other cases, as in ordinary chewing- 
gum, the masticatories contain no such active principle. 
Sometimes they possess pleasing flavors which may to a 
certain extent explain their use. In other cases there 
appears to be no pronounced flavor and it must be assumed 
that the only possible nervous effect is a reflex one resulting 
from the mechanical movements made in chewing. 
2135-2138 represent chewing tobaccos. As a rule, such tobacco, especially that in 
plug form, contains various flavoring matters which have been added to 
increase its palatability. 
2135. Ordinary loose chewing tobacco.—This consists of the leaves of ordinary 
tobacco, cut up into fine shreds suitable for chewing. 
2136. Ordinary plug chewing tobacco.—Almost all plug tobaccos are mixed with 
flavoring substances, such as licorice or molasses. 
2137. Navy plug chewing tobacco. A form of plug tobacco which is very popular 
among sailors. 
2138. Vanilla leaves. (See No. 1604).—These leaves contain the odorous principle 
cumarin, having a strong and agreeable odor similar to that of Vanilla, 
whence it derives itsname. It has a number of important uses in perfuming 
and flavoring, and is used very largely as an addition to tobacco, both for 
smoking and chewing. 
2139. Bolivian Coca leaves.—The leaves of Erythroxylon Coca Lam. (Erythroxy- 
