_4_ 



tain that they may be carried by the wind from place to place, 

 e produced in chains arising perpendicular to the leaf surface 

 se toward the inner end of the chain are either immature spores 

 or si e cells. The spore chains arise from a bed or cushion of fun- 

 gus tissue, from which may be traced the threads of mycelium running 

 through the leaf tissues. 



Some have special branches entering into the interior of cells and 

 there forming coils, acting as suckers to take up nourishment. 

 Some also extend to the upper surface, where they are connected 

 with the yellowish bodies, spermagones, previously mentioned as 

 occuring there. One of the epidermal cells is greatly enlarged and 

 protrudes. In its cavity a thread produces a number of branches which 

 extend nearly parallel toward the top and bear at their ends minute 

 spore-like bodies, spermatid. Their office is not well known. 



It has bee n believed by cultivators that this fungus lives over winter in 

 the roots, and spreads to the stem and leaves in the spring; but this is 

 not the case. It extends scarcely at all beyond the areas covered by 

 the orange spores. More than this, it is found that the spores will 

 lose their power of germination if deprived of moisture for a few days 

 and will not live over winter. Hence it is believed that some other 

 kind of spores is produced corresponding to the black spores of wheat 

 rust, which carry the fungus through the winter. These have been 

 carefully sought for, but heretofore without success. 



Prof. Burrill has however at last found some evidence as to what 

 they are, and it is hoped that his culture experiments, now in progress, 

 will settle the matter definitely and lead to important practical results. 



Some varieties of blackberries, especially the Snyder, are seldom, if 

 ever attacked by this rust. 



Remedies : Cut out and burn all deceased parts as soon as the disease 

 appears, and as a preventive measure destroy any useless vines, as 

 wild ones in fence corners or elsewhere, which might nourish the 

 disease. 



OTHEK RUSTS OF BLACKBERRIES AND RASPBERRIES. 



There are two other forms of yellow rust, one on blackberries only, 

 the other on raspberries only, both inconspicuous compared with the 

 preceding and never likely to be mistaken for it. They are quite similar 

 to each other and bear yellow spores in minute pustules scattered over 

 the inferior leaf surface. They sometimes do considerable damage but 

 never approach the Cceoma/ in that respect. The general mode of 

 * / growth much the same as in the Cceoma/ (Orange Rust) but the sperma- 



