66 PHYSOSTOMI. 



hatched, and which would he quite sufficient to form a good supply had they a 

 chance in the battle for life in the lower waters. The paucity of these fish is due 

 (excluding poaching) to three main causes : (1) Difficulty in the ascent of 

 breeding fish owing to natural or artificial obstructions in the river ; (2) 

 immoderate netting ; and (3) pollution of the water. 



It is commonly observed that the interests of the proprietors of salmon 

 fisheries are not identical throughout the entire extent of the stream, occasioning 

 a clashing of views which are inimical to the fisheries, and consequently to the 

 general public. The proprietors of fisheries living in the higher waters of our 

 rivers argue that pollutions are permitted unchecked access in the lower reaches, 

 that immoderate netting is almost continuously carried on, giving the fish, except 

 in the close time, but little chance of escape. Thus the upper proprietors see but 

 few fish, excepting during the breeding season, when it is illegal to capture them. 

 They are in a manner " clucking hens," whose duties seem to be to take care the 

 eggs are hatched, rear the fry, and speed the parting guest as it descends to the 

 sea, from whence nets and other obstructions and pollutions in the lower portions 

 of the river will most probably prevent their ever re-ascending ; or else merely in 

 sufficient numbers to maintain a sufficient supply for the lower waters. Official 

 statistics are misleading, as they ought to show the yearly quantity of salmon 

 taken in each portion of every river, not the number of boxes of salmon received 

 at Billingsgate. It cannot be a source of surprise if the breeding grounds are not 

 strictly preserved : for the rearing of salmon is asserted to be done at the 

 expense of the local fish, which are residents of the upper waters. 



A. Deciduous teeth on the body of the vomer, which are usually shed at an early 

 age (Salmones). 



a. About eleven rows of scales in an oblique line from the adipose dorsal fin to the 

 lateral-line. 



1. Salmo salar,* Plate CX, fig. 1 (old), 2 (young), and CXI, fig. 1. 



Salmo, Salv. p. 100; Aldrov. iv, p. 483; Belon. De Aquat. i, p. 277, c. fig. ; 

 John. Pise. 1. ii, t. i, c. i, p. 100, t. xxi, f. 12 ; Kondel. De Pise. Fluv. p. 167 ; 

 Willugh. p. 189, t. N 2, fig. 1, 2 ; Schonev. p. 64 ; Gesner, De Aquat. p. 969 ; 

 Ray, p. 63, and pi. cxi, fig. 1. Salmo, no. i, Artedi, Synon. p. 22, and Spec. 

 p. 48 ; Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 115. Salmo, no. 2, Artedi, Species, p. 50. Saumon, 

 Duham. Peches. ii, p. 192, pi. i, f . 1, 2. Salmon, Pennant, Brit. Zool. (ed. 1776) iii, 

 p. 284, pi. lviii, f. 143 and (ed. 1812) iii, p. 382, pi. Ixix. Samlet, Pennant, 1. c. 

 (ed. 1776) iii, p. 303, pi. lix (ed. 1812) iii, p. 404, pi. lxx. 



Salmo salar, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 509 ; Miiller, Prod. Zool. Dan. p. 48 ; 

 Bloch, i, p. 175, t. xx (female) t. xcviii (male) ; Gmel. Linn. p. 1364 ; Bl. Schn. 

 p. 398 ; Lacep. v, p. 159 ; Turton, Brit. Fauna, p. 103 ; Bonn. Ency. Ich. p. 159, 

 pi. lxv, f . 261, 262 ; Fleming, Brit. Anim. p. 179 ; Faber, Fische Isl. p. 156 ; Nilsson, 

 Skan. Fauna, Fisk. p. 370 ; Jardine, Edin. New Phil. Journ. viii, p. 46, and Brit. 

 Salmonidae, pi. i, ii, vii and viii ; Richards. Faun. Bor. Amer. Fish. p. 140, pi. xci, 

 f . 1 (head) ; Jenyns, Manual, p. 421 ; Yarrell, Brit. Fish. (Ed. 1) ii, p. 1, c. fig. 

 (Ed. 2) ii, p. 1 (Ed. 3) i, p. 155 ; Parnell, Fish. Firth of Forth, p. 118, pi. xxx, 

 xxxi, and xxxii, f. 1, 2 ; Agassiz, Poiss. d'eau douce, pi. i and ii ; Swainson, 

 Fishes, ii, p. 287 ; White, Catal. p. 74 ; Gronov. ed. Gray, p. 151 ; Kroyer, Dan. 

 Fiske, ii, p. 540 ; Mitchill, Fauna New York, p. 434 ; De Kay, p. 241. pi. xxxviii, 

 fig. 122 ; Thompson, Nat. Hist. Ireland, iv, p. 143 ; Schlegel, De Dieren. p. 126, 

 pi. xiii, f. 1 ; Blanchard, Poiss. France, p. 448 ; Giinther, Catal. vi, p. 11 ; Collett, 

 Norges Fiske, p. 155 ; Malm, Fauna, p. 534 ; Moreau, Poiss. France, iii, p. 525. 



Salmo salmo, Cuv. and Val. xxi, p. 169, pi. 614. 



Salmo salmulus, Ray, p. 63 ; Turton, Brit. Fauna, p. 104 ; Jardine, 1. c. xviii, 

 p. 56 ; Jenyns, Manual, p. 426 ; Parnell, Wern. Mem. vii, p. 278, pi. xxxii, 

 fig. 1 and pi. xxx, and Fish. Firth of Forth, p. 138, pi. xxxii (young). 



Salmo nobilis, Olafs. Isl. Reise, i, p. 83 ; Pallas, Zoo. Rus. Asiat. iii, p. 342. 



* The literature belonging to this fish is so extensive that it has been necessary to omit a large 

 number of references. 



