108 PHYSOSTOMI. 



B. Vomerine teeth restricted to near the head of that bone (Salvelini). 



When treating of the group Sahnones (p. 53) I gave a short synopsis of the 

 views held by our later naturalists respecting which each considered to be species 

 or referred to varieties. I propose taking the same course with the charrs Salvelini. 



Willughby (1686) places under one head TJmbla minor, Gesner the Beutele of 

 South Germany, the Torgoch of Wales and Westmoreland, and the red charr of 

 Windermere, table no. 7. He also alludes to the gelt or gilt charr of Westmoreland, 

 which he refers to Garpio lacus Benaci of Rondelet ; he likewise figures it table 

 no. 5. 



Ray (1713) held the same views as Willughby. 



Pennant (1776) figures the charr, and asserts his opinion that the case charr, 

 the gelt or silver charr, i.e., one which has not spawned the preceding season, 

 and on that account is reckoned to be in the greatest perfection, the red charr, and 

 those of Loch Inch in Scotland, are all probably one species. He observes that 

 the variety case charr spawns about Michaelmas, while the gilt charr does so from 

 the beginning of January to the end of March. He also alludes to the Welsh 

 charr. 



Donovan (1804) gave a figure of what he considered the gilt charr of 

 Pennant, Salmo alpinus, Linn. ; also a plate of Salmo savelinus, Bloch, the torgoch 

 of the Welsh, then said to be confined to the waters of Llyn Cawellyn, one of the 

 Alpine lakes situated in the deep valley on the west side of Snowdon. He 

 considered that it differed from the charrs of Windermere. 



Turton (1807) agreed with Donovan, as did also Fleming (1828). Jenyns 

 (1835) held the same opinions, but termed the Alpine charr of Donovan S. umbla. 

 Yarrell (1836) held the same views as Jen3 r ns, but in his second edition (1841) as 

 well as in his third (1859), all our British forms are held to be varieties of one 

 species. 



Agassiz (1834) believed that all our British forms were identical with the 

 Ombre chevalier of the Lake of Geneva. 



Richardson (1835) placed (1) 8. umbla as synonymous with 8. alpinus and 

 8. salvelinus of Linnaeus, and also with the species found in the Lake of Geneva, 

 but he desired his readers to remember that the history of the charr, whether 

 one or more kinds, had not up to that time been clearly made out. In 

 Windermere he considered that the case charr ascended rivers, spawning about 

 Michaelmas, while the red charr deposited its ova along the shores of the lake, and 

 not until the end of December or the beginning of the year. 



Parnell (1838) classed our northern charr as 8. umbla, Linnaeus. 



Thompson (1840), and subsequently in 1851, held that all the forms of British 

 and Irish charr are varieties of one species, the 8. umbla, Linnasus. 



White (1851) placed all the British examples in his catalogue of the fish in 

 the National Museum as pertaining to S. umbla. 



Dr. Giinther (1866), as in the Sahnones so in the Salvelini, has largely 

 augmented the number of what he considered British species, although he rejects 

 8. umbla and S. salvelinus as British forms. He gives (1) S. alpinus, vertebras 

 59-62, ccecal appendages 36-42 ; (2) S. Mllinensis, vert. 62, ccec. pyl. 44-52 ; (3) 

 S. Willughbii, vert. 59-62, ccec. pyl. 32-44 ; (4) 8. perisii, vert. 61, cose. pyl. 36 ; 

 (5) 8. grayi, vert. 60, ccec. pyl. 37 ; (6) 8. Golii, vert. 63, ccec. pyl. 42. 



Sir J. Gibson-Maitland (1881) added 8. struanensis. 



S. fontinalis, or the American charr, has likewise to be added to the British 

 forms, being now extensively distributed throughout the country. 



Up to 1866 Pennant, Agassiz, Yarrell, and White admitted one form of charr 

 as British, while Donovan, Turton, Fleming, and Jenyns believed in two. 

 Giinther increased them to six, subsequently 8. struanensis was added, and the 

 American charr widely propagated. 



Widegrem (1864) asserted that in Scandinavia there exist two races of charr, 

 the larger being found in Lapland, Lake Wetter, and other lakes ; while the 

 smaller is present in pieces of water of less size as those of Jemtland, Wermland, 



