158 PHYSOSTOMI. 



as a real victory achieved by the cuisiniere over stubborn materials." Perhaps 

 the rud, if similarly treated, "would meet with similar success. As it is, the 

 chief use in Norfolk for coarse fish is to bait crab-pots or employ as manure. 



It has been observed that the fishes which afford the best evidence of 

 ruminating action are Cyprinoids, as carp, tench, and bream, when peristaltic 

 movements occur in the alimentary canal, and successive regurgitations of the 

 contents of the stomach induce actions of the pharyngeal jaws as the half-bruised 

 food comes into contact with them and excites a succession of swellings and 

 subsidences of the irritable palate as portions of the regurgitated food are pressed 

 against it. On the occiput behind the roof of the palate is la single grinding 

 tooth or plate, which has opposed to it the two inferior pharyngeal bones armed 

 with teeth : while in front of this plate, and forming the roof of the palate, is a 

 thick, soft, vascular, and highly sensitive mass, which becomes thinner anteriorly, 

 and is believed to be useful in taste, being supplied by branches of the glosso- 

 pharyngeal nerves. This mass is commonly known as the " carp's tongue," and 

 held in great esteem among epicures. 



First group — Cyprininse. 



A. Abdomen rounded and without any compressed edge. 



Genus I. — Ctpkinus, Artedi. 



Branchiostegals three : pseudobranchios present. Body oblong. Mouth small, 

 anterior : lips thick and fleshy. Barbels four. Pharyngeal teeth in three rows : 

 molarform 3.1.1-1.1.3. Borsal fin long, with its last undivided ray osseous and 

 serrated posteriorly : anal with few branched rays (5-6). 



This carp is a native of temperate portions of Asia, and appears to be especially 

 common in China in both its wild and domesticated condition. It has been 

 imported from thence into Europe and America. 



Holme observes that in heraldry a carp is the emblem of hospitality, and 

 denotes food and nourishment from the bearer to those in need. 



1. Cyprinus carpio, Plate CXXIX, fig. 2. 



Kvirpirog, Aristotle, Hist. An. iv, c. 8, ii, c. 13, vi, c. 14, viii, c. 20. 



Cyprinus, Eondel. p. 150; Salv. p. 92; Belon. p. 273; Gesner, p. 309 (Ed. 

 1608) p. 164, c. fig. ; Aldrov. p. 637; Marsil. Danub. Pan,-Mys. p. 57, t. xix; 

 Gronov. Zooph. no. 330 ; Klein, Miss, v, p. 59, no. 1. Cyprinus nobilis, Schonev. 

 p. 32. Cyprino, Jons. t. iii, c. vi, p. 161, t. xxvii, f. 11, 12, and tit. iv, c. iii, 

 p. 171, t. xxix, f. 3, 4, 6. Carp, Willughby, p. 245, t. Ql, f. 2 ; Ray, p. 115 ; 

 Pennant, Brit. Zool. (Ed. 1776) iii, p. 353, pi. Ixx (Ed. 1812) iii, p. 467, pi. lxxxi ; 

 Gronov. Zooph. no. 330. Cyprinus, Artedi, Synom. no. 1, Gen. no. 4, Spec. no. 13. 

 Carpe, Duhamel Peches, ii, sect. 3, p. 509, pi. xvi, f. 1. 



Cyprinus carpio, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 525 ; Gmel. Linn. p. 1411 ; Bloch, 

 Fische Deuts. i, p. 92, t. xvi ; Bl. Schn. p. 447 ; Bonnaterre, Ency. Ich. p. 190, 

 pi. A, fig. 1 ; Lacepede, v, p. 504 ; Pallas, Zoo. Ross.-As. iii, p. 289 ; Donovan, 

 Brit. Pishes, v, pi. ex ; Shaw, Zool. v, t. 121 ; Turton, p. 107 ; Bowdich, Brit. 

 P. W. Fish. pi. ii ; Flem. Brit. An. p. 185 ; Jenyns, Brit. Vert. p. 401 ; Tarrell, 

 Brit. Fish. (ed. 1) i, p. 305, c. fig. (ed. 2) i, p. 349 (ed. 3) i, p. 354 ; Templeton, 

 Mag. Nat. Hist. 1837 (2) i, p. 410 ; Kroyer, Dan. Fiske, iii, p. 290, c. fig ; Cuv. 

 and Val. xvi, p. 23 ; Thompson, Nat. Hist. Ireland, iv, p. 135 ; Swainson, Fishes, 

 ii, p. 284 ; White, Catal. p. 59 ; Gronov. ed. Gray, p. 177 ; Nilss. Skand. Fauna, iv, 

 Fiske, p. 284 ; Heckel and Kner, Suss. w. f. p. 54 ; Blanchard, Poiss. France, 

 p. 322, fig. 65 ; Gunther, Catal. vii, p. 25 ; Schlegel, Dieren. Neder. p. 96, pi. x, 

 f . 1 ; Siebold, Siisswass. f. Mitteleur. p. 84 ; Feddersen, Danske Ferskvandsfiske, 

 p. 82; Canestrini, Faun. Ital. Pesc. p. 10 ; Collett, Norges Fisk. p. 179 ; Houghton, 

 Brit. Freshwater Fish. p. 15, c. fig ; Giglioli, Pesc. Ital. Catal. p. 43 ; Moreau, 

 Poiss. France, iii, p. 368. 



Carpi, Couch, Fish. Brit. Isles, iv, p. 4, pi. clxxx. 



