CYPRINID^E. 183 



bones ; it is best during September and October. The Jews are said to consume 

 numbers, as well as of other species of white-fish, Leuciscus, during their fast months. 



Habitat. — Most of Europe, except Italy. 



Not found in Scotland, but is in England and Wales; is present in the Thames, 

 Severn, Wye, and most of our clear and rapid streams. It is common in Yorkshire, 

 except in polluted rivers and mill streams (Yorkshire Vertebrata). In Norfolk it 

 " is abundant in the higher parts of the rivers, but does not affect the broads or 

 the nearly stagnant parts of the rivers in the vicinity. Is plentiful in a small 

 stream which divides the parishes of Rockland and Claxton, near Buckenham 

 ferry; but does not appear to quit the brook for the wider waters of the Yare " 

 (Lubbock). It is abundant in rivers along our southern districts as in Devon- 

 shire (Parhtt), and common in the Tamar and its tributaries (Cornish Fauna). 



Absent from Ireland. 



This fish attains to about 12 inches in length in the Thames, but is seldom 

 found above 1 lb. weight. Very fine ones are taken in the New River. 



4. Leuciscus erythrophthalmus, Plate CXXXIII, fig. 2. 



Erythrophthalmus, Willughby, p. 249, t. Q3, fig. 1 ; Ray, pp. 116 and 119. 

 Cyprinus, sp. Artedi, Genera, p. 3, no. 2, Species, p. 9, no. 2, Synopsis, p. 4, 

 no. 3; Gronov. Zooph. i, p. 107, no. 340. Bud, Pennant, Brit. Zool. (Ed. 1776), 

 iii, p. 363, pi. lxxii, f. 170, and frontispiece, no. 172 (Ed. 1812) iii, p. 479, 

 pi. lxxxiii. Botengle, Jurine, LacLeman, p. 200, pi. xii. 



Gyprinus erythrophthalmus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 530; Gmel. Linn. p. 1429 ; 

 Bl. Fische Deuts. i, p. 28, t. 1 ; Bl. Schn. p. 434 ; Bonn. Ency. Ich. p. 199, 

 pi. lxxxi, f. 337 ; Lacep. v, p. 577 ; Donovan, Brit. Fish, ii, pi. xl ; Turton, p. 108 ; 

 Jenyns, Man. p. 412 ; Ekstr. Fische Morko, p. 21 ; Fries and Eks. Skan. Fisk. p. 74, 

 t. xvii ; Gronov. ed. Gray, p. 183 ; Schlegel, Dieren Neder. p. 112, pi. xi, f . 5. 



Gyprinus erythrops, Pall. Zoo. Ross. -As. iii, p. 317. 



Gyprinus compressus, Holberg, Gotheb. N. Handl. v, p. 66, c. fig. 



Leuciscus erythrophthalmus, Fleming, Brit. An. p. 188 ; Cuv. and Val. xvii, 

 p. 107 ; Nilss. Skand. Fauna. Fisk. p. 313 ; Yarrell, Brit. Fish. (ed. 1), i, p. 361, 

 c. fig. (ed. 2), i, p. 412 ; Thompson, Nat. Hist. Ireland, iv, p. 138 ; Nord. in 

 Demid. Voy. Ross. Merid. iii, p. 490 ; Kroyer, Dan. Fisk. iii, p. 421, c. fig. ; 

 Swainson, Fish, ii, p. 285; White, Catal. p. 66 ; Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 231 ; Collett, 

 Norg. F. p. 182 ; Malm, Fauna, p. 563 ; Giglioli, Pesc. Ital. p. 44 ; Houghton, 

 Brit. F. W. Fish. p. 45, c. fig. 



Barbus orfus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 186. 



Gyprinus cceruleus, Yarrell, Trans. Linn, Soc. xvii, p. 8, pi. ii, f. 2 ; Jenyns, 

 Man. p. 413. 



Scardinius erythrophthalmus, Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pesc. iii, p. 146 ; Heckel and 

 Kner, Suss. w. f . p. 153, f . 79, 80 ; Siebold, Suss. w. f . p. 180 ; Blanchard, Poiss. 

 France, p. 377, fig. 84; Feddersen, p. 88; Canestrini, Fauna Ital. Pesc. p. 14; 

 Moreau, Poiss. France, iii, p. 410. 



Scardinius scardafa, Bonap, 1. c. ; Heckel and Kner, 1. c. p. 157, f. 82 ; Cuv. and 

 Val. xvii, p. 123. 



Leuciscus cozruleus, Swainson, ii, p. 285 ; Yarrell, Brit. Fish. (ed. 1), p. 365, 

 c. fig. (ed. 2) i, p. 416 ; White, Catal, p. 67. 



Leuciscus apollonitis, Richards. Pro. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 374. 



Scardinius dergle and plotizza, Heckel and Kner, 1. c. 



Scardinius hesperidicus, Nardo, Prosp. Sist. pp. 72, 91. 



liudd and Azurine, Couch, Fish. Brit. Isles, iv, pp. 49, 61, pi. cxcii, cxcvii. 



B. iii, D. 11-12 (£&), P. 16-17, V. 9-10, A. 13-15 (r%:^), C. 19-21, LI. 40-44, 

 L. tr. 7i/6£, Vert. «-ff 



Length of head 5 to 5£, of caudal fin 5, height of body 3| to 3£ in the total 

 length. Eye — rather above the middle of the depth of the head, interorbital space 

 convex : diameter 4 to 4£ in the length of the head, 1^ diameter from the end of 

 the snout and 2 apart. Body elevated and compressed, the dorsal pi'ofile being 

 much more convex than is that of the abdomen, and mostly a short concavity over 





