208 PHYSOSTOMI. 



Genus II — Clupea, sp. Artedi. 



Clupanodon, pt. Lacepede. Harengula, Bogenia, Spratella, Sardinella, Clupeo- 

 nia, Kowala, Meletta, and Alausa, Cuv. and Val. Glupalosa, Amblygaster, and 

 Clupeoides, Bleeker. Opistlionenema, Brevoortia, and Alausella, Gill. 



Brancliiostegals numerous : pseudobranchim well developed. Body oblong or 

 someivhat elongated, with the serrature of the abdomen extending anteriorly into the 

 thoracic region : upper jaw projecting beyond the lower. Mouth anterior or 

 antero-superior. Eyes with free adipose lids. Teeth, when present, rudimentary and 

 deciduous. Dorsal fin situated opposite to the ventrals ; anal with a moderate or 

 large number of rays : caudal forked. Scales large, of moderate, or more rarely, of 

 small size. 



Hyrtl (Denkschr. Ak. Wiss. Wein. x, 1855, p. 49) has recorded a rudimentary 

 accessory "branchial organ in one species of this genus from Brazil, Clupea 

 aurea, Agassiz. 



This genus has been subdivided in accordance with its dentition, but as 

 the teeth are small and deciduous, such a procedure is open to very great 

 objection. 



In the ensuing British species there are two distinct forms of serrative along the 

 abdominal edge, examples of which are well seen in the herring and in the sprat. 



In the herring, Clupea harengus, and in tbe pilchard, C. pilchardus, the scales 

 along the abdominal edge do not pass across from one side to the other, but are 

 divided by an interspace in which are the scutes. These scales may quite overlie and 

 conceal the scutes, the latter not being formed by the coalescence of the scales from 

 the two sides of the body. 



In the sprat, Clupea sprattus, and both the shads, C. alosa and C. finta, we find 

 that the scales along the abdominal edge pass across from one side to the other, 

 and in the middle line are produced with a tooth-like or spinate process, which 

 pertains equally to the scales on either side of the body. 



Uses. — As food, either fresh or preserved, also for the production of oil. 



Geographical distribution. — Cosmopolitan, many forms ascending into fresh 

 waters, where some now permanently reside. 



1. Clupea harengus, Plate CXXXVIII, fig. 2. 

 2a heeled scales along the abdominal edge. 



Harengus, Rondel, p. 222 ; Gesner, p. 486 ; Jonston, Lib. i, tit. i, art. iii, p. 9, 

 t. i, f. 6 ; Willughby, p. 219, t. Pi, f. 2 ; Ray, Pise. p. 103. Clupea, sp. Artedi, 

 Synon. p. 14, no. 1 (part), Genera, p. 7, no. 1, Species, p. 31, no. 1 ; Gronov. 

 Zooph, no. 348; Rutty, Nat. Hist. Co. Dublin, 1772, i, p. 360. Harengus, Klein, 

 Pise. Misc. v, p. 71, no. 1, t. xix, f. 1. Herring, Pennant, Brit. Zool. (Ed. 1776), 

 iii, p. 335, pi. lxviii (Ed. 1812) iii, p. 444, pi. lxxix ; Low, Fauna Oread, p. 226. 

 La Hareng, Duhamel, Peches, iii, p. 335. 



Clupea harengus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 522 ; Gmel. Linn. p. 1402 ; Bloch, Ich. 

 p. 278, pi. xxix, f. 1; Bpnn. Ency. Ich. p. 184, pi. lxxv, f. 310 ; Bl. Schn. p. 422 ; 

 Lacep. v, p. 427 ; Eaber, Fische Isl. p. 182 ; Pallas, Zoo. Ross.-As. iii, p. 209 ; Shaw, 

 v, t. cxix ; Turton, Brit. Faun. p. 106 ; Flem. Brit. An. p. 182 ; Jenyns, Manual, 

 p. 434 ; Tarrell, Brit. Fishes (ed. 1) ii, p. 110, c. fig. (ed. 2) ii, p. 183 (ed. 3) i, 

 p. 98 ; Templeton, M. Nat. Hist. 1837 (2) i, p. 411 ; Parnell, Wern. Mem. vii, 

 p. 315, t. xxxv, or Fish. Firth of Forth, p. 155, t. xxxv ; Johnston, Berwick. N. F. 

 Club, 1838, i, p. 173 ; Kroyer, Damn. Fisk. iii, p. 138, c. fig. ; Thompson, Ireland, 

 iv, p. 175 ; Cuv. and Val. xx, p. 30, pi. 591, 592, 593 ; Swainson, Fish, ii, p. 

 295 ; Nilss. Skand. Fauna, iv, p. 491 ; White, Catal. p. 83 ; Gronov. ed. Gray, p. 

 139 ; Schlegel, Dieren Neder. p. 138, pi. xiv, f. 1 ; Malmgren, Wieg. Arch. 1864, 

 p. 341 and GEfv. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Ford. 1865, p. 535 ; Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 

 415; Collett, Norges Fiske, p. 185; Malm, Fauna, p. 570; Winther, Prod. Ich. 

 Danm. Mar. p. 47 ; Moreau, Poiss. France, iii, p. 443. 



Clupea Pallasii, Cuv. and Val. xx, p. 253. 



Herring, Couch, Fishes Brit. Isles, iv, p. 95, pi. ccii. 



