CLUPEIM). 209 



Young. 



Whitebait, Pennant, Brit. Zool. (Ed. 1776) iii, p. 371, pi. lxix. 



Cyprinus esca, Walb. Artedi, iii, p. 30 ; Bl. Schn. p. 446. 



Clupea alba, Yarrell, Zool. Journ. iv, pp. 137, 405, pi. v, f. 2 and Brit. Fishes 

 (ed. 1) ii, p. 120, c. fig. (ed. 2) ii, p. 202 (ed. 3) i, p. 121 ; Jenyns, Manual, p. 

 436 ; Parnell, Wern. Mem. vii, p. 325, t. xxxv, Fish. Firth of Forth, p. 165, t. 

 xxxv, and Mag. Nat. Hist, ix, 1836, p. 318. 



Rogenia alba, Cuv. and Val. xx, p. 341, pi. 598. 



Rogenia esca, White, Catal. p. 84. 



Whitebait, Conch, Fish. Brit. Isles, iv, p. 114, pi. cciii, f. 2. 



Synonymy for American Specimens. 



Clupea harengus, Fabr. Faun. Grcenl. p. 182 ; Mitchell, Amer. Monthly Mag. 

 ii, p. 323 ; Richards. Frank. Journ. p. 716 and Fann. Bor.-Ainer. iii, p. 229. 



Clupea elongata, Lesenr, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phil, i, p. 234 ; Storer, Fish. 

 Mass. p. Ill, and Mem. Amer. Ac. vi, p. 330, pi. xxvi, f . 1 ; De Kay, New York 

 Fauna, Fish. p. 250 ; Cuv. and Val. xx, p. 247. 



Varieties. 



Clupea Leachii, Yarrell, Zool. Journal, v, p. 278, pi. xii, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 1830, p. 34, and Brit. Fish. (ed. 1) ii, p. 117, c. fig. (ed. 2) ii, p. 193 (ed. 3) i, p. 

 Ill ; Jenyns, 1. c. p. 434; Cuv. and Val. xx, p. 243 ; White, Catal. p. 83. 



Leach's herring, Couch, 1. c. iv, p. 107, pi. 



British works on the herring. 



Dodd, Essay towards Natural History of Herring, Lond. 1708, 8vo. 

 James Sola, Essay towards Natural History of the Herring. 

 Mitchell, The Herring, Edinburgh, 1864. 

 De Caux, The Herring and Herring Fishery, 1881. 



B. viii, D, 17-20 ( T |:f^), V. 9, P. 17, A. 16-18 ( T f:f ¥ ), C. 18-19, L. 1. 53-60, 

 Ccec. pyl. 18-23, Vert. 54-56. 



Length of head 5 to 5|, of caudal fin 6%, height of body 4| to 5 in the total 

 length. Eye — situated half in front of the middle of the length of the head, and 

 with an adipose lid on either side. Lower jaw prominent ; the upper somewhat 

 notched in its centre ; the hind edge of the maxilla reaches to beneath the middle 

 of the eye. Opercles smooth, and destitute of radiating striations. Teeth — small 

 deciduous ones on the jaws, a patch on the vomer and also on the tongue, while 

 generally minute ones are present on the palatines. Fins — the dorsal commences 

 midway between the end of the snout and the base of the caudal fin ; the ventral 

 is inserted on a line beneath the centre of the base of the dorsal fin. Scales — 

 there are 13 rather soft scutes posterior to the base of the ventral fin, along the 

 abdominal edge, and which are partially concealed by the neighbouring scales 

 from either side of the body, which more or less overlap them. The air-bladder 

 has an opening on its lower side at about its centre, where a long but narrow 

 canal forms a communication with the end of the stomach ; it has also another 

 orifice on the left side near the vent,* which canal is lined with a silvery pigment 

 to within a short distance of its termination. The vessels of the air-bladder 

 being scanty, gas is not secreted, but air believed to be swallowed. In some 

 specimens at Aberdeen I perceived the food in the stomach covered by a mem- 

 brane as in the pilchard, but of a finer consistence. Colours — of a rich blue or 

 green along the back, becoming lighter on the sides and beneath, where it is shot 

 with purple, blue, and gold lines. Lower jaw w r ith a black tip. 



Varieties. — There are considerable variations in the proportion of different 

 races even from adjacent localities. Some of them have been considered species. 



Names. — Hcering, Anglo-Saxon (Herr, or heer, "an army"), or from the 

 French hairdng, an old term for a troop or army; cuddy legs, "a ]arge 

 herring ; " corphun, herring cobs or young herring in Northumberland, where 



* See figure in Weber " De aure et auditu." etc. pars, i, 1S20, t. vii, 63. 



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