292 PLAGIOSTOMATA. 



Geims II— Galeus, Cuvier. 



Galeorhinus, Blainville. 



Small spiracles present. Mouth crescentic. JEije with a nictitating membrane. 

 Teeth in both jaivs oblique, notched and serrated. The first dorsal fin spineless and 

 situated above the interspace formed between the insertion of the pectoral and ventral 

 fins. A single notch in the caudal fin, and no pit at its root. Oviviparous. 



Geographical distribution. — Seas of temperate and tropical climes. 



1. Galeus vulgaris, Plate CLIII. 



Galeus canis, Rondel, p. 377. Ganis galeus, Salvian. p. 130, f. 41 ; Willughby, 

 lib. iii, c. 4, p. 51, pi. B6, f. 1 ; Ray, Synop. Pise. p. 20. Squalus, sp. Artedi, 

 Genera, p. 68, no. 9 and Synon. p. 97. Milandre, Duhamel, Peches, ii, pi. xx, 

 f. 122. The tope, Pennant, Brit. Zool. (Ed. 1/76), iii, p. Ill (Ed. 1812), iii, 

 p. 146. 



Squalus galeus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 399 ; Briinn. Pise. Massil. p. 9 ; Bloch, 

 Ich. iii, p. 820, pi. cxviii ; Gmel. Linn. p. 1492 ; Lacepede, i, p. 237; Bl. Schn. 

 p. 128; Turton, p. 112; Risso, Ich. Nice, p. 32; Jenyns, Manual, p. 501; 

 Johnston, Berwick. Nat. Field Glub, 1838, i, p. 176 ; Schlegel, Dieren Neder. 

 p. 188, pi. xviii, f. 1. 



Galeus vulgaris, Flem. Brit. An. p. 165; Yarrell, Brit. Fish. (ed. 1) ii, p. 390, 

 c. fig. (ed. 2) ii, p. 509 (ed. 3) ii, p. 491 ; Templeton, M. N. Hist. (2) 1837, i, 

 p. 413 ; Parnell, Wern. Mem. vii, p. 414 ; Swainson, Fish, ii, p. 315 ; Kroyer, 

 Damn. Fisk. iii, p. 834, c. fig. ; Thomp. Nat. Hist. Ireland, iv, p. 252 ; Collett, 

 Norges Fiske, p. 207. 



Carcharias galeus, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii, p. 121. 



Galeus canis, Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pesc. 1832, iii, t. ; Miiller and Henle, p. 57 ; 

 Nilss. Skand. Fauna, iv, p. 714 ; Gaimard, Voy. Isl. and Groenl. Poiss. pi. xxi ; 

 Gray, Cart. Fish. p. 52 ; Wright and Eks. Skand. Fish. p. 185, pi. xlv ; White' 

 Gatal. p. 126 ; Dumeril, Ich. i, p. 390 ; Giinther, Catal. viii, p. 379 ; Canestrini, 

 Fauna d'ltalia, Pesc. p. 48; Winther, Prod. Danm. Mar. p. 56 ; Giglioli, Catal. 

 Pesc. Ital. p. 51 ; Moreau, Poissons de la France, i, p. 317, figs. 45, 46. 



Galeus Linnet, Malm, Fauna, p. 618. 



Toper, Couch, Fish. Brit. Isles, i, p. 45, pi. ix. 



Greatest width of body in the pectoral region. Length of the head, 6 to 

 7 in the total length. Snout conical and produced longitudinally. Eyes — 

 oval, pupil lozenge-shaped ; a well-developed nictitating membrane. Nostrils 

 small, and nearer the mouth than to the end of the snout. Mouth large, 

 extending posteriorly to nearly or quite beneath the spiracle, which is small and 

 situated a short distance behind the eye. Branchial slits short. Teeth — in 3 or 

 4 rows ; they are somewhat triangular, with the inner margin deeply serrated. 

 Fins — pectoral falciform and nearly as long as the head. First dorsal some- 

 what quadrangular, commencing on a line just behind the insertion of the 

 pectoral, but not extending to above the ventral ; second dorsal one-third the 

 size of the first and slightly in advance of the anal ; ventral inserted somewhat 

 nearer the anal than the hind edge of the first dorsal. Lower lobe of caudal 

 developed, the fin notched. Length of the entire fin equals the distance from 

 the front end of the snout to the last gill-opening. Skin — somewhat rough, 

 covered with three-pointed scales (fig. 1, b). Vertebra?, 140-. Colours — dark or 

 dull gray ; under surface of head and belly dirty white. 



Names. — Tope or toper: whithound : penny-dog, or, if young, miller s-dog, 

 from its light gray colour. Blue hornless dog-fish (Blake-Knox). A rig at 



