148 



affinity which causes a crystal to grow in the mother-liquor iu 

 which* il is placed. 



In discussing further the application of the hypothesis, a dis- 

 tinction is made as to the course of events during the youth and 

 during the old age of the glacier. The glacier may be divided 

 into three parts. The first is in the elevated region where the 

 glacier has its commencement, that of the neve." Here the heat 

 of summer is not sufficient to melt the whole volume of the snow 

 which tails during the year; only ;i part of the snow is consequently 

 transformed into water and this penetrates into the la vers below 

 and is solidified ihere; the temperature i> much below flic freezing 

 point. This is the region of the infancy of the glacier. Follow- 

 ing this comes the line of separation where the heat of summer is 

 just sufficient to melt the winter's snow, and there is no excess of 

 heat to attack the ice. 



The second stage, that of the youth of the glacier, is found 

 helow this line of separation where the summer's heat not only 

 melts the snow, but also partially melts the ice; the water so 

 formed is absorbed and assimilated by the ice, and the tempera- 

 ture below the surface is even at the end of summer below zero. 

 In this region the glacier is increasing in volume and consequently 

 moving downward. Then follows a second line of separation, 

 where the water absorbed is all used in the increase of volume ol 

 the glacial grain. At this point the sub-glacial torrent lias its 

 origin, and at the summer's end the temperature is at 0°. 



The third stage is that of the old age of the glacier, where the 

 supply of water exceeds that needed to bring the temperature of 

 the ice back to 0°, the excess of water flows off in the glacial 

 streams; the temperature of the ice is at 0° during the summer 

 and the excess of the summer's heat goes to cause the melting and 



nteresting mmnoir, the author pr( 



test his hypothesis by further observations and experiments, 1 

 ing especially upon the questions as to the comparative size ol 

 ,alline grains in the different parts of a glacier, and 



the pos-ibiliu of the penetration of the surfac water into the 

 mass of the ice. 



2. Upper Silurian foxsHs ',,, //,. „,. f,i n t<,rphic rocks of Bergen, 

 Y,,,,,,/,/. — The discoveries of fossils in metamorphic rocks arc 

 increasing in numbers with the extension of careful observations. 

 Mr. [[.\ss II. Kki-sch has a memoir on new discoveries of t his 

 kind in the peninsula of Hergen. illustrated by a colored geolog- 

 ical map and plates, whit-h is published hv the I 'niversit v "1' 

 Christiania, under the direction of Prof. Kjenilf. Uergen is in 60° 

 N., on the west coast of Norway. The predominant rock is 



granitoid gneiss. With the gneiss, in conformable s 



various schists, with nearly vertical dip — dioryte schist witn i 



eluded beds of granulyte and gneiss, labradorite rock, argillit 



3 schists, with nearly vertical dij 

 ds of granulyte and 

 i..,ary mica schist, chh 

 • less chloritic, and in s 



