282 Sir John Lubbock’s Address. 
and Lyell, Vivian and Pengelly, Christy, Evans and many 
more, bave proved that man formed a humble part of this 
strange assembly. : 
Nay, even at this early period there were at least two dis- 
tinct races of men in Europe; one of them—as Boyd Daw- 
kins has pointed out—closely resembling the modern Hsqui- 
maux in form, in his weapons and implements, probably in 
his clothing, as well as in so many of the animals with which 
he was associated. 
1 
though skilfully formed, were of quite different shapes from 
those of the second Stone age, and were never ground. This 
earlier Stone period, when man coéxisted with these extinct 
mammalia, is known as Paleolithic, or Early Stone Age, 10 
opposition to the Neolithic, or Newer Stone Age. ; 
The remains of the mammalia which coéxisted with man in 
pre-historic times have been most carefully studied by Owen, 
Lartet, Riitimeyer, Falconer, Busk, Boyd-Dawkins, and others. 
The presence of the mammoth, the reindeer, and especially of 
the musk-ox, indicates a severe, not to say an arctic, climate, 
the existence of which, moreover, was proved by other consid- 
erations; while, on the contrary, the hippopotamus requires 
considerable warmth. ow then is this association to be 
explaine 
While the climate of the globe is, no doubt, much affected 
by geographical conditions, the cold of the glacial period was, 
elieve, mainly due to the eccentricity of the earth’s orbit 
combined with the obliquity of the ecliptic. The result of the 
latter condition is a period of 21,000 years, during one-half of 
which the northern hemisphere is warmer than the southern, 
while during the other 10,500 _ the reverse is the case. At 
present we are in the former phase, and there is, we know, ng 
vast accumulation of ice at the south pole. But when the earth's 
ture of the coldest month in London is about 40°. 
Such has been the state of things for nearly 100,000 years; 
