856 Sir John Lubbock’s Address. 
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cleared the way for subterranean and submarine telegraphy. 
Four years later, in 1851, submarine telegraphy became an 
accomplished fact. through the successful establishment of tele- 
graphic communication between Dover and Calais. Submarine 
lines followed in rapid succession, crossing the English Channel 
and the German Ocean, threading their way through the Medi- 
terranean, Black and Red Seas, until in 1866, after two abortive 
attempts, telegraphic communication was successfully estab- 
lished between the Old and New Worlds, beneath the Atlantic 
Ocean. 
In connection with this great enterprise and with many inves- 
tigations and suggestions of a highly scientific and important 
character, the name of Sir William Thomson will ever be 
remembered. The ingenuity displayed in perfecting the means 
of transmitting intelligence through metallic conductors, with 
the utmost despatch and certainty as regards the record ob- 
tained, between two points hundreds and even thousands of 
miles apart, is truly surprising. The instruments devised by 
_ Morse, Siemens, and Hughes have also proved most useful. 
Duplex and quadruplex telegraphy, one of the most striking 
achievements of modern telegraphy, the result of the labors of 
several inventors, should not be passed over in silence. It not 
only serves for the simultaneous communication of telegraphic 
intelligence in both directions, but renders it possible for four 
instruments to be worked irrespectively of one another, through 
one and the same wire connecting two distant places. 
nother more recent and perhaps still more wonderful 
achievement in modern telegraphy is the invention of the tele- 
, phone and microphone, by means of which the human voice 1s 
transmitted through the electric conductor, by mechanism that 
imposes through its extreme simplicity. In this connection the 
