420 Scientific Intelligence. 
leaf the xylem (wood-cells) occupies the upper or ventral side of 
the vascular bundle, and the phloém (formerly bast or soft bast- 
cells) lies below it or toward the dorsal side of the leaf. is is 
so in the — leaf as in all others, and in the bract, while 
the ligule or varpellary scale shows the arrangement reversed, a 
well etablished fact. This carpellary scale ‘wherever it exists 
aa aaa si in Abietinez) bears on its back one or sev eral ovules. 
In Araucaria it is a small process, of ligular form, from the mid- 
dle of the hoa bract, with one ovule; in Cunninghamia it is a nar- 
ey y sep 
rate from the axis as in Abies and Sean, Hee fall off together, 
as they should do, where one is only’an appendage of the other. 
In Cupressine no carpel-bearing appendage at all is observed, 
and the ovules are as nearly axillary as possible, or, where there 
wv 
and partly from the axis itself; but the thickened upper side of 
follow the same rule, the ovules stand in the f the bract; 
but in ponpas they are terminal products, surrounded by the 
uppermost leaves or bracts. 
The Srokt bathe sometimes observed in the female flowers of 
a : 
of the bract therefore between the 8 wap ‘y appendage an 
main axis, and that the division of the carpel into two pieces, 
often noticed in such monstrosities, is produced by pressure only. 
Eichler then compares she ovule e Conifers to the s spo- 
lets, e essential character of gymnospermy, however, he finds 
not as much in the open earpel, which also occurs in some Hinge i 
organized plants, as in the absence of a stigma and 
i —- of the pollen on the ovule. 
d paper, “ Ueber Bildrenysabsoeichungen bei Fichten- 
aan ‘Siena gsb. d. K. Ac. Wiss., Berlin, 1882), Professor 
Eichler gives us a careful eax sis of iy andes observed on 
the Norway Spruce, and of one on the Himalaya Hemlock, and 
tries to show how former beiaineels had sweat det bdr their 
teaching, - how these examples fully confirm his own views, 
