DEVONIAN FOSSILS 111 
Genus LOXONEMA Phillips, 1841 
Loxonema australis (Chapman) 
Pl. II, Fig. 5. 
Loxonema sinuosa Sowerby, var. australis Chapman 1916, p. 96, Pl. V, Fig. 39. 
Chapman's new variety was based on a fragment of a shell from 
Cave Hill, Lilydale, consisting of most of one whorl and a little of 
the one above it. For reasons set out below the variety is raised 
to species status. 
Re-description of Holotype. This is National Museum reg. no. 
12,851. The whorl profile is rounded, and the sutures moderately 
deep. The whorl is about 2 em. in diameter and the part visible 
in the complete shell about 1 cm. high, The ornamentation is 
costellate, the costellae being of rounded cross-section, and the 
interspaces the width of a costella or less. There are eight to nine 
costellae per cm. The costellae begin at the upper suture at almost 
a right angle to the suture, then curve round so as to make an 
angle of about 50° with the lower suture. One small area of stein- 
kern shows that the interior was smooth. 
Comment on Holotype. It is very difficult to make out the 
“tendency to form a faint nodose shelf near the basal part of the 
whorl" on which Chapman based his variety. However, the form 
contrasts with L. sinuosa in that the ornament is much coarser, 
and the costellae follow a much straighter course. In L. sinuosa 
the costellae are sigmoid, but this term can scarcely apply to the 
form from Lilydale. In view of these marked differences, I sug- 
gest the variety be established as a species. 
Description of Sandy’s Creek Form. Specimen 27,217 from 
locality G 23 is a steinkern of the two lower whorls, above which 
appears the external mould of five further whorls, but the nucleus 
is missing. The steinkern of the lowest whorl is not quite com- 
plete, but the one above it is 1 em. in diameter. Тһе whorls 
decrease evenly in size, and the highest is 2 mm. in diameter. 
The whorl profile is rounded and the sutures moderately deep. 
The ornamentation is costellate, and the course of the costellae 
across the face of the whorl is as described for L. australis. The 
steinkern shows that the interior was smooth, except that the 
ornamentation shows faintly on part of the lowest whorl. 
Comment on Sandy’s Creek Form. The only difference I can 
see between the type of L. australis and the form just described is 
that the form is larger and the ornamentation proportionately 
coarser. As the whorls get bigger, the costellae become fewer per 
em. of whorl face. On present knowledge it would appear that the 
