58 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. 



This family as considered at the present time includes the leaf- 

 hoppers closely allied in structure to the Cercopidae, Membracidae 

 and Fulgoridae, and is placed systematically between the two latter 

 families, but is easily distinguished from all of these by the 

 double row of spines on the hind tibiae, the prominent but normal 

 pronotum and the insertion of the antennae on the front between 

 the eyes. A few forms like Penthimia americana Fitch, and 

 certain of the Gyponas and Acucephalini resemble very closely the 

 Cercopidae, but lack the circlet of large heavy spines at the distal 

 end of the hind tibiae of the Cercopidae, and are armed with a 

 double row instead. In the Membracidae the pronotum is greatly 

 produced, often covering a large part of the dorsal portion of the 

 body, and projects in curious structures formed at the sides or in 

 front. The pronotum is normal in the Cicadellidae and forms only 

 a dorsal covering of the thoracic region. As a group the Ful- 

 goridae are most easily confused with this family. In the 

 Fulgoridae the antennae are always beneath the eyes; the ocelli 

 are beneath the eyes or sunken into the cheeks close to the eyes, 

 and are separated from the keeled frons by a distinct and often 

 conspicuous ridge at the sides. The pronotum is very short and 

 usually keeled. Observation of the position and character of these 

 structures should easily separate these two groups. 



The Connecticut records of this group at present are of those 

 which have been taken in general collecting, since no special col- 

 lecting has been undertaken. For this reason the following list 

 of species includes all which have been taken in adjoining states, 

 and which doubtless occur in the state, and may be found by more 

 extensive search. 



Key to Subfamilies. 



1. Ocelli not on front, either on disc or margin of vertex. (Fig. 5, 



ia, 2a, 7b.) 2 



Ocelli on front below margin of vertex. (Fig. 5, 4b and c.) 



Bythoscopinae, p. 58 



2. Ocelli on disc of vertex usually distinct from the margin. (Fig. 5, 



ia, 2a.) 3 



Ocelli on margin of vertex or between vertex and front near 



margin, sometimes wanting (Typhlocybini). (Fig. 5, 7b.) 



Jassinae, p. 85 



3. Body usually elongate, cylindrical, head often angulate. (Fig. 5, 



ia, b.) ClCADELLINAE, p. 73 



Body usually dorso-ventrally flattened, broadly oval and with head 

 usually broadly rounded or roundingly angulate. (Fig. 5, 2a, b.) 



Gyponinae, p. 80 



Subfamily Bythoscopinae. 



The chief characteristic of this subfamily and the one which 

 will readily separate it from the other members of the family, is 

 the position of the ocelli which are located on the front below the 



