No. 34.] HEMIPTERA OF CONNECTICUT I MEMBRACIDAE. 



169 



crests or humps), and laterally (developing the familiar "horns" 

 over the humeral angles). All of these, with several combina- 

 tions, are found in Connecticut species. Arbitrary names which 

 are commonly used to designate these structures are the following : 



Metopidium (Fig. 15)— that area of the cephalic part of the pronotum 



reaching from the dorsum to the base of the head. 

 Humeral angles (Fig. 15) —the swellings, very characteristic of the family, 



found on the lateral margins of the prothorax just above the bases 



of the forewings. 

 Superhumerals or suprahumeral horns (Fig. 15) — lateral projections on the 



edge of the metopidium just above the humeral angles. 

 Posterior process (Fig. 15) — the posterior extension of the pronotum. 



Perhaps the most important and most commonly used character of 



all of the prothoracic structures. 

 Dorsal carina (Fig. 15) — the median dorsal ridge, often percurrent. 

 Dorsal crest or dorsal spine (Fig. 15) — elevations of any part of the dorsum. 



s Clypeu.s 



x - Labrum 



* Epipharynx 



* Labium 



Fig. 16. Membracid, front view of head, showing structural parts. 

 Much enlarged. Drawing by Dr. W. D. Funkhouser. 



The venation of the wings furnishes valuable characters for 

 both generic and specific diagnosis. Of these characters the most 

 important are to be found in the hind wings which unfortunately 

 are often hidden under the forewings (the tegmina) making it 

 necessary to relax the specimen for purposes of study. The points 

 to be particularly noticed in the wings are the number of discoidal 

 and apical cells, the shape of the terminal or median apical cell, 

 the cross veins in the basal region, and the appearance of the basal 

 costal margin, all of which are shown in figure 17. In the dis- 

 cussion of the membracid wing, reference is often made to the 

 corium and the clavus. The terminology here is the same as is 

 usually applied to hemipterous wings in general in which the basal 

 portion consists of two pieces, the term "clavus" being used to 



