No. 34.] HEMIPTERA OF CONNECTICUT I TINGIDAE. 695 



New Haven, 4 Aug., 1909 (B. H. W.), 12 Dec., 1910 (A. B. C), 9 July, 

 1914 (M. P. Z.) ; Hamden, 23 Aug., 1910 (W. E. B.), 14 July, 1916 

 (M. P. Z.) ; Manchester, 18 Sept., 1911, Milford, 11 July, 1916 (W. E. B.) ; 

 Stonington, 30 Dec, 1913 (I. W. D.). 



Family TINGIDAE. 

 By Howard Madison Parshley, Sc.D. 



This family comprises a considerable number of small species 

 having a reticulate surface structure, as in the preceding, but with 

 the areoles often larger, resulting frequently in a peculiar lace-like 

 appearance. Juga short, not projecting conspicuously; ocelli 

 absent ; vertex usually armed with prominent spines ; pronotum 

 with a posterior extension, the angulate process, covering the 

 scutellum; lateral carinae without cavities opening beneath; 

 hemielytra entirely reticulate, lacking distinctly delimited corium 

 and membrane. The species of this family feed exclusively on 

 plants, generally congregating on the under side of the leaves, 

 occasionally in destructive numbers. They hibernate in the adult 

 stage, usually under the bark of trees. 



The pronotum in the Tingidae exhibits an extraordinary degree 

 of structural modification, being provided in some with foliaceous 

 and globular expansions of most bizarre appearance, while in 

 others these features are almost entirely lacking. The anterior 

 portion bears the hood, which may be large and spherical, entirely 

 covering the head, or so much reduced as to be hardly appreciable ; 

 the disk is provided with longitudinal ridges, or carinae, one to 

 three in number, and of varying length ; the lateral margins are 

 expanded in lamellae, the paranota of Crampton, which may be 

 broad and more or less reflexed toward the dorsal surface, or 

 reduced to mere ridges. 



The hemielytra offer certain characters of great importance in 

 classification. In certain genera the central region is sharply 

 raised, forming the discal elevation, while in others the surface is 

 nearly plane or longitudinally channelled. The main veins delimit 

 the following regions (Fig. 164) : 



1. Costal area; at the margin, sometimes greatly reduced (membrana 

 costae of Stal). 



2. Subcostal area; a narrow region next to the costal (area costalis of 

 Stal). 



3. Discoidal area; a broad region occupying the disk or central portion 

 of the hemielytron (area discoidalis of Stal). 



4. Sutural area ; occupying the inner and apical regions. It is narrow in 

 the short-winged forms, expanding into the apical area in the long-winged ; 

 and corresponding to the membrane of other families. 



The varying areolation of these parts provides means for the 

 differentiation of many of the species and genera. Wing dimor- 

 phism is common in this family, the hind wings being absent or 

 abbreviated and the hemielytra somewhat shortened in the undevel- 



