of Western Canada. ~ 431 
way cutting at Toronto, and extending westward several miles ; 
beds at Orillia, on Lake Couchiching ; also near Collingwood, &c. 
A remarkable example, alluded to more fully in the second part 
of this paper, Deduction 3, occurs near the village of Lewiston, 
on the south shore of Lake Ontario). I think it will be rendered 
clear, by what follows, that the currents in question were not 
marine, but were produced in the lake waters when these stood 
at higher levels. In places, moreover, secondary ridges, or ancient 
spits, have been formed by the same action out of these drift 
materials (e. g. Ridge at Weston, near Toronto, described by 
Sandford Fleming, C.E., in the Canadian Journal, new series, 
vol. vi.; also the ridge at Craigleith, in Collingwood Township, 
mentioned by the writer in the same Journal, vol. v. p. 305). 
These secondary ridges, it should be observed, are altogether 
distinct from the terraces of the lake shores and intervening di- 
stricts. A careful search would no doubt reveal their presence 
in very many localities. 
7. We now come to a fact of great interest—the occurrence 
of shells of freshwater mollusca in the sands and gravels of 
these Drift deposits, at various levels above the present surface 
of our lakes. These shells belong to existing species, inhabitants 
of the surrounding waters. They must not be confounded with 
similar shells left in elevated spots by the drying up of streams 
and ponds, or by the cutting back and lowering of river-beds. As 
occurring in our modified Drift deposits, they are imbedded in 
sand or gravel containing northern pebbles and small boulders; 
and in situations, moreover, in which it is evident that no merely 
local causes could have been concerned in their deposition. The 
fragility of most freshwater shells necessarily operates against 
the preservation of these in the coarser sediments, and explains 
their absence, probably, as regards the upper Drift beds of many 
localities. 
In some of these re-sorted beds the bones and teeth of both 
extinct and existing mammals are occasionally found. The ex- 
tinct forms comprise a species of Mastodon (M. Ohioticus? see 
Canadian Journal, new series, vol. ii. p. 856), the Elephas pri- 
migenius, and apparently an extinct species of the Horse. The 
remains of existing species found in these deposits (always con- 
fining our remarks to Western Canada) include the Wapiti, the 
Moose, Beaver, Musk-rat, &c. These two classes of remains 
have been found together. In a railway-cutting through Bur- 
lington Heights near Hamilton, the tusk of a Mammoth (Elephas 
primigenius) and the horns of a Wapiti (Elaphus Canadensis) were . ° 
met with at a depth of about forty feet below the present surface 
of the ground. I have also seen the lower jaw of a Beaver 
(Castor fiber) obtained from the same locality. The flint arrow- 
a 
