432 Prof. Chapman on the Drift Deposits 
heads and other wrought implements of Amiens and Abbeville, 
occur apparently in deposits of the same kind and age. 
I have discovered freshwater shells, under the conditions de- 
scribed above, in beds of stratified Drift consisting of coarse 
gravel filled with pebbles of gneiss and other northern rocks, on 
the Kingston road, about two miles east of Belleville, at an ele- 
vation, by rough measurement, of about 40 feet above the pre- 
sent level of Lake Ontario. These belong to Planorbis trivolvis, 
or to some closely related species. Other examples of the same 
shell were obtained from fine gravel in oblique stratification, near 
the village of Orillia, at a height of about 18 feet above the level 
of Lake Couchiching. This lake is about 120 feet higher than 
Lake Huron, and about 700 feet above the sea. Pieces of na- 
creous shell (belonging to a species of Unio?) were also found 
in gravel, in the vicinity of Barrie, at an estimated height of 
about 30 feet above Lake Simcoe. I have found lacustrine and 
terrestrial shells in many other places; but these I omit from men- 
tion, as the shells occurred on the sites of ancient swamps, in 
gullies, or in flat lands adjacent to running streams, or in other 
doubtful situations in which they may have been deposited by 
freshets and other agencies of comparatively recent date. 
Mr. R. Bell, of the Geological Survey of Canada, has added 
greatly to our knowledge of the above localities, in a paper pub- 
lished in the ‘Canadian Naturalist’ for February of this year 
(1861). Amongst other spots in which he has discovered fresh- 
water shells, the environs of Collingwood and Owen Sound may 
be cited. At the former, examples of Planorbis trivolvis, asso- 
ciated with several species of Helix, were found by him at an ele- 
vation of 78 feet above Lake Huron. Specimens of Melania 
conica have been obtained, according to Mr. Bell, from another 
spot in this locality. Dr. Benjamin Workman of Toronto, has 
also communicated the discovery of examples of a Melania and 
Unio ellipsis, on the high banks of the Don, about 30 feet above 
the lake. These may have been deposited by the river, however, 
when flowing at a higher level; but they were covered, accord- 
ing to Dr. Workman, by a considerable deposit of sand. 
The upper deposits of the Drift period are separable with 
difficulty in many places from those of more recent age. As the 
one period merged gradually into the other, this must necessarily 
be the case. Among the more recent deposits of Western Canada, 
however, our river “ flats”” may be more especially cited, as those 
of the Grand River, filled with the remains of land mollusea. 
Also, the closely-similar deposits of the ancient bed of the 
Niagara, so high above the present level of that river; together 
with the shell-marls and. calcareous tufas of our lakes and 
streams ; and our deposits of bog-iron ore and iron ochres, 
