Interglacial Periods. dd 
the ground like oxen. ‘They live on long grass and on the 
foliage and small branches of trees. 
Evidence from Wood.—The fact that the Mammoth was 
most abundant beyond the present northern limit of wood is 
pretty good evidence that the climatic condition of Northern 
Siberia must have been milder than now. Wood must have 
extended, in the days of the Mammoth, far beyond its present 
limit, probably as far north as New Siberia: facts of obser- 
vation support this conclusion. 
The wood found in Northern Siberia consists of two 
classes—the one is the result of drift, the other grew on the 
spot. The natives call the former “ Noashina,” and the latter 
*‘Adamshina;” and the division is supported by Goppert, 
“who separates the trunks of timber found in Northern 
Siberia into a northern series, with narrow rings of annual 
growth, and asouthern, with wider ones. The latter doubtless 
floated down the rivers, as great quantities do still; while 
the former probably grew here with the Mammoth.” 
In the middle of October 1810 Hedenstrom went across 
the tundra direct to Ustiansk. “On this occasion,” he says, 
“ T observed a remarkable natural phenomenon on the Chas- 
tach Lake. This lake is 14 versts long and 6 broad, and 
every autumn throws up a quantity of bituminous fragments 
of wood, with which its shores in many places are covered to 
the depth of more than 2 feet. Among these are pieces of 
a hard transparent resinous substance, burning like amber, 
though without its agreeable perfume. It is probably the 
hardened resin of the larch tree. The Chastach Lake is 
situated 115 versts from the sea and 80 versts from the 
nearest forest.” * 
On the same journey Hedenstrom noticed “ on the tundra, 
equally remote from the present line of forest, among the steep 
sandy banks of the lakes and rivers, large birch trees, com- 
plete, with bark, branches, and root. At the first glance they 
appeared to have been well preserved by the earth; but, on 
digging them up, they are found to be in a thorough state 
of decay. On being lighted they glow, but never emit a 
flame: nevertheless the inhabitants of the neighbourhood 
use them as fuel, and designate these subterranean trees as 
Adamoushtshina, or of Adam’s time. The first living birch 
tree is not found nearer than three degrees to the south, and 
then only in the form of a shrub.” F 
On the hills in the interior of the island of Koteloni 
“ Sannikow found the skulls and bones of horses, buffaloes, 
* Wrangell, p. 491. + Ibid. p. 492. 
fii. Mag. 8. 5. Vol. 19. No. 116. Jan. 1885. D 
