List of Illustrations xi 



Page 



Dr Israel C. Russell 219 



On board the Dixie 224 



Political map of Windward Islands ' ' . ■ 227 



Sketch map of Martinique 231 



The city of St Pierre before the eruption 235 



The city of St Pierre after the eruption 236 



The beach shows the force of the return wave 240 



Among the ruins of St Pierre 241 



Mud-plastered landscape, end of Morne d' Orange 243 



Montagne Pelee and destroyed north end of city 244 



Mud-coated surface and injured trees, Morne d'Orange 247 



Statue of Our Lady of the Watch, Morne d'Orange, south end of city 250 



Guns of Battery on Morne d'Orange dismounted by the blast 251 



A flash of lightning in clouds erupted from Pelee 253 



"At my feet lay the dead city, silent and gray " 254 



Map prepared by Robert T. Hill showing zones of devastation in Martinique .'.... 260 



Refugees on the shore of St Vincent 271 



" On the slopes about us still stood the denuded trunks of palms " 274 



The devastated slopes of La Soufriere 277 



Natives of Georgetown, St Vincent 279 



A typical town of the West Indies 280 



Sketch map prepared by Israel C. Russell showing the zones of devastation in St Vincent . 282 



A river of mud pouring from La Soufriere 283 



Ruined estates near Georgetown, St Vincent 284 



Principal productions of the countries fronting on the Pacific 305 



National frontage and way stations on the Pacific 308 



Transportation routes of the Pacific 310 



Proposed routes for Pacific cables 312 



Manila as a distributing point for commerce . . . . : „ . 314 



The air and water currents of the Pacific 316 



" The Pacific is and will remain an American Ocean " 318 



Flathead valley, mission range in background 362 



■" We start for the pass and peak (McDonald) by the easiest route " 363 



McDonald Peak from east. Lace Lake in foreground 364 



Mission Range. Sin-vel-a-min Peak from high park south 366 



Erosion of limestone near Silvertop Peak 367 



Continental divide. East face of cliff near Silvertop Peak 36S 



Continental divide — Pentagon Peak ( limestone) .' 369 



Pack team crossing limestone cliff on trail built of green timber 370 



Folded strata just south of Heaves Peak 371 



Missouri River plains and pack train 372 



The Mississippi at Greenville 373 



The Theiss, Basin of Hungary 374 



The Matfield at Elmwood, Mass 376 



The Rhine — a corrected meandering stream 381 



The Forth at Stirling 382 



French Broad and Nolichucky 383 



John Wesley Powell 393 



East and west section 399 



Depth in feet to clay 400 



