Geographic Notes 



77 



ioo to 1,000 feet. We might imagine 

 their vortical action and their destructive 

 force to increase in some ratio as their 

 diameters of rotation decrease. 



' ' The tornado is always an incident 

 and a sporadic outbreak of the cyclone, 

 and usually occurs in the southeast 

 quadrant of a cyclonic storm. 



"The thunder-storm, instead of ro- 

 tating about a vertical axis, like the 

 cyclone and tornado, has a horizontal 

 roll, caused by cold and heavy air from 

 above breaking through into a lighter 

 and superheated stratum next to the 

 earth. This rolling motion throws for- 

 ward the cool air in the direction in 

 which the cloud is moving. In general, 

 thunder-storms move from the west to- 

 ward some eastern point, the same as 

 tornadoes, which mostly move from the 

 southwest toward the northeast. If any 

 part of the horizontally rolling air in the 

 thunder-storm drops down toward the 

 earth and adjusts its rotation about a 

 vertical axis it at- once becomes a tor- 

 nado, and its destructive force is in- 

 creaed a hundredfold." 



NO NEWS OF ANDREE 



THE recently revived reports that 

 portions of the balloon in which 

 Andree attempted to reach the North 

 Pole had been found in northern Canada 

 have been discredited by the commis- 

 sioner of the Hudson Bay Company 

 in a letter to Mr. William Ziegler, of 

 New York. The commissioner writes 

 in part as follows: 



" It is a matter of great regret to me 

 that I cannot bring myself to offer en- 

 couragement to any hopes which friends 

 of the explorer may have of his still 

 surviving anywhere in northern Canada. 

 In the few portions of the Far North 

 where the company's people do not 

 come in touch with the natives, whaling 

 vessels from American and British ports 

 traffic with the natives. 



' ' There is no probability of there 



being any truth in the report regarding 

 the supposed finding of Andree' s bal- 

 loon. The chief officer of the company 

 on the west coast of Hudsons Bay, who 

 himself interviewed the natives on the 

 matter, has reported as his firm convic- 

 tion that the natives who are said to 

 have seen the balloon imposed upon 

 the clerk at Churchill, to whom the 

 story was given. The sketches of the 

 balloon which the company has been 

 careful to distribute throughout north- 

 ern Canada naturally gave occasion for 

 much talk among these isolated people, 

 and it is not greatly to be wondered at 

 that some such tale might be given out 

 by natives peculiarly cunning and prone 

 to practice upon the credulity of those 

 not familiar with them or easily imposed 

 upon." 



COMMANDER BORCHGREVINK . 



CE. BORCHGREVINK, the Ant- 

 • arctic explorer, who has gone 

 farther south than any man, has made 

 formal application to become an Amer- 

 ican citizen. On April 25 he filed his 

 first papers at Washington. 



The American Robert E. Peary holds 

 the record for having reached the most 

 northerly land, so that the United States 

 may now claim as citizens the two men 

 who have reached the most remote land 

 at each end of the globe. Lockwood 

 and Brainard, of the Greely expedition, 

 had for 18 years, from 1882 to 1900, 

 held the record of the most northerly 

 land, 83 25', which Peary surpassed 

 by 15' in the spring of 1900, when he 

 reached 83 39'. The Italian Duke of 

 Abruzzi has been farthest north on the 

 open sea, 86° 33'. 



Carsten Egeberg Borchgrevink (the 

 ch is pronounced hard, like k) was born 

 at Christiania in 1864. His training 

 and taste made him a sailor scientist. 

 Early in the nineties he led one expedi- 

 tion to the far south, in which he did 

 some notable work, but the expedition 



