218 The National Geographic Magazine 



formity with the general scheme out- 

 lined above. These are known as special 

 maps. By act of Congress, the maps 

 are disposed of by sale, those of stand- 

 ard size at 5 cents a sheet ; for 100 or 

 more in one order the maps of standard 

 size are listed at 2 cents each. 



The Director's report shows that, 

 during the year which it covers, 35,123 

 square miles were covered by detailed 

 topographic mapping, distributed 

 through thirty-two states and terri- 

 tories, and that 12,407 miles of level 

 were run and 1,338 permanent bench 

 marks were established, these bench 

 marks being iron posts, bronze or alu- 

 minum tablets, or copper or aluminum 

 plugs. In connection with this work, 

 primary azimuth observations were 

 made at four triangulation stations, 37 

 meridian lines were established, 271 tri- 

 angulation stations were occupied, and 

 2,o8S miles of primary traverse were 

 run. In connection with the surveys in 

 Alaska, about 6,500 square miles were 

 mapped topographically, thus opening 

 up many new regions, some of which 

 were before entirely unknown. In addi- 

 tion to the mapping, about 150 linear 

 miles of stadia traverse and 274 linear 

 miles of reconnaissance traverse were 

 run. With reference to the surveys of 

 the forest reserves, 23 miles bounda^ 

 of the Black Hills Reserve, and 109 

 miles of the boundary of the Bighorn 

 Reserve were surveyed and marked. 

 The completion of the topographic work 

 of the year 1900-1901 makes a total, 

 with that previously done, of 866,847 

 square miles of the United States which 

 have been fully surveyed and mapped, 

 or 29 per cent of the entire area of the 

 country. 



For purposes of administration the 

 territory of the country has been divided 

 into five sections — the Forest Reserves 

 section, Mr. Henry Gannett, geogra- 

 pher in charge ; the Atlantic section, 

 the work of which is controlled by Mr. 

 H. M. Wilson, geographer in charge ; 



the central section, with Mr. John H. 

 Renshawe, geographer in charge ; the 

 Rocky Mountain section, with Mr. E. M. 

 Douglas, geographer in charge, and the 

 Pacific section, under the direction of 

 Mr. Richard U. Goode, geographer. 



Within the last few years one of the 

 features of the work of the topographic 

 branch of the Geological Survey has 

 been the cooperative arrangements made 

 between the Survey and various states, 

 by which certain sums were appropriated 

 by the state legislatures, which were 

 duplicated by the Federal bureau, the 

 latter also furnishing the engineers for 

 the accomplishment of the work. Ar- 

 rangements of this character were of 

 advantage to the states, as the}- insured 

 the publication of detailed topographic 

 maps much more rapidly than would 

 otherwise have been the case, the map- 

 ping being promptly followed by inves- 

 tigations of mineral water and timber 

 resources. Cooperative arrangements 

 of this nature, as noted by the report, 

 were made with five states during the 

 year, $19,500 being allotted by the State 

 Engineer and Sun^or of New York ; 

 $18,000 by the State Survey Commis- 

 sion of Pennsylvania; $2,500 by the 

 State Survey Commission of Maine ; 

 $5,000 by the State Geologist of Mary- 

 land, and $1,000 by the State Geologist 

 of Alabama. The above amounts w r ere 

 all appropriations made by the states 

 mentioned for cooperation with the Geo- 

 logical Survey. In addition, the state 

 legislature of Ohio appropriated $25,000 

 to be available February 15, 1901, but 

 no detailed mapping was commenced 

 prior to the beginning of the usual field 

 season. 



NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY 

 NOTES 



ISRAEL C. RUSSELL, Professor of 

 Geology in the University of Michi- 

 gan, Ann Arbor, has been elected a 

 member of the Board of Managers of 



