List of Illustrations xi 



Page 

 Diagram showing number of persons in each 1,000 engaged in manufacturing and agri. 



culture, 1 870-1900 j 305 



Diagram showing total number of persons engaged in manufactures and agriculture, 



respectively, 1870-1900 305 



Diagram showing value of products of manufacture and agriculture, respectively, 1870-1900. 306 



Diagram showing value of manufactures exported, 1800-1902 306 



Diagram showing per cent which manufactures formed of imports and exports, 1820-1902. 307 



Diagram showing distribution of exports of manufactures in 1901 308 



Diagram showing value of manufacturers' raw material imported and per cent which it 



formed of total imports, 1S20-1902 309 



Diagram showing relative value of manufacturers' material and all other importations, 



1890-1902 309 



Diagram showing growth of exports of domestic products and share which manufactures 



formed of that total, 1870-1901 310 



Diagram showing total value of manufactures exported, 1 870-1901, and the share which 



iron and steel formed of that total 311 



Diagram showing exports of manufactures of iron and steel, 1870-1901 311 



Diagram showing progress in the principal manufacturing industries, 1S70-1901 312 



Diagram showing value of manufactures in France, Germany, United Kingdom, and 



United States, 1840, i860, 1888, 1894 313 



Diagram showing growth of manufactures in France, Germany, United Kingdom, and 



United States, 1840-1894 314 



Diagram showing coal production of Germany, United Kingdom, and United States, 



1875-1901 315 



Diagram showing relative growth in coal production in Germany, the United Kingdom, 



the United States, and all other countries, 1870-1901 316 



Diagram showing pig-iron production of Germany, United Kingdom, and United States, 



1877-1901 317 



Diagram showing steel production of Germany, United Kingdom, and the United States, 



1877-1901 317 



Diagram showing copper production of Germany, Spain, Japan, and the United States, 



1883-1901 318 



Diagram showing cotton production of the world, 1902 318 



Diagram showing miles of railway in the United States and Europe, 1850, 1870, 1880, 1902. 319 



Grove of mango trees, between Cabo Rojo and Joyua, P. R. . . 321 



Branch of mango tree with fruit, Tapachula, Mexico 323 



Mango fruit, showing method of packing 324 



Mango fork (full size) 326 



Mango fruit, showing method of peeling (natural size) . 326 



Congratulatory letter to Robert E. Peary from Peary Arctic Club. Map ... 330 



Posts from the planting of 1890, Yaggy plantation .""... 349 



Trees which were not cut back when young — planting of 1891 350 



Wood of the hardy Catalpa after lying ninety years in water 35 1 



A twenty-year old plantation of hardy Catalpa, southern Iowa 352 



Outline map showing ratio of total insane per 100,000 population, Census 1880 362 



Outline map showing number population for each insane person, Census 1880 363 



Outline map showing location of cities having a population of 50,000 or more, Census 1890. 367 



Outline map showing ratio of total insane per 100,000 population, Census 1890 368 



Outline map showing white insane only, Census 1S80 375 



Outline map showing number colored population for each colored insane, Census 1880 . . . 376 



The cross-section of a Giant Sequoia 383 



The stump of a Giant Sequoia 385 



