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The National Geographic Magazine 



but that which most attracts the Amer- 

 ican traveler is the transformation of 

 medieval castles into paper mills, tan- 

 neries, cigarette factories, woolen mills, 

 and other practical purposes. Most of 

 these enterprises have been aided by 

 government subsidies, for the Austrians 

 have considered it wise to encourage the 

 introduction of foreign capital and im- 

 migration by offering substantial in- 

 ducements in the way of free land and 

 buildings, exemption from taxation and 

 financial assistance. In this way they 

 have provided employment for the 

 women and others who are incapable 

 of manual labor, and have afforded a 

 ready and profitable market for agri- 

 cultural products. There is excellent 

 water power everywhere. Very little 

 raw material is now shipped from 

 Bosnia. The hides are tanned at home; 

 the wool is woven into blankets, rugs, 

 and carpets ; the tobacco is manufact- 

 ured into cigars and cigarettes ; the 

 wheat into flour ; the fruit and vegeta- 

 bles are preserved, and all other pro- 

 ceeds of agricultural labor are increased 

 in value and manufactured into market- 

 able merchandise before they leave the 

 country. Prunes are the largest item 

 of export, and $1,500,000 worth were 

 sold in the European markets in 1901. 

 Beet-sugar factories have now been 

 erected, and experts have been brought 

 from Italy to educate the natives in the 

 cultivation of silk. 



In Sarajevo the ancient and the mod- 

 ern meet ; the East and the West touch 

 hands ; the oriental with eternal com- 

 posure listens to the chatter of the 

 Frenchman and regards the gesticula- 

 tions of the Italian with supreme con- 

 tempt. The town is half Turkish and 

 half Austrian. The old part looks like 

 Damascus and the new part like Buda- 

 pest, which, in many respects, is the 

 handsomest city in the world. I was 

 told that Sarajevo contained a larger 

 variety of types of the original oriental 

 races than even Constantinople, and 



that in the bazaars may be seen daily 

 examples of every national costume 

 worn from the Straits of Gibraltar to 

 the Yellow Sea of China ; and the}- all 

 live together in peace and harmony, 

 each recognizing the scruples of the 

 other, permitting him to practice in 

 peace the creed and customs of his 

 faith. 



Sarajevo compares well in architect- 

 ure and in other respects with any 

 other city of its size in Europe or Amer- 

 ica, and will some time be a beautiful 

 and popular place, for it is much favored 

 by nature, and the inhabitants are rap- 

 idly accumulating wealth. There are 

 mosques with minarets and domes, 

 churches of every religion, fine office 

 buildings, apartment-houses, govern- 

 ment edifices, and public institutions. 

 The city hall is a beautiful modern 

 structure of the oriental type, and the 

 Scheriatschule or law college is imposing. 



The old part of the city consists of 

 crooked and narrow streets, lined with 

 shops and bazaars opening upon the 

 sidewalks, as in all oriental towns. The 

 merchants and mechanics squat on their 

 haunches or sit cross-legged as they 

 make and sell their wares, but it is not 

 sage for a stranger to purchase souve- 

 nirs of the country in those shops unless 

 he sees them made, bicause most of the 

 stock comes from the factories of Ger- 

 man}', France, and Austria. The dif- 

 ferent trades are governed by guilds, as 

 was formerly the rule throughout Eu- 

 rope. Each guild has a patron saint 

 and a long list of officers, who fix prices 

 and profits, regulate wages, appoint ap- 

 prentices, and decide disputes; but there 

 is no eight-hour law. The busy arti- 

 sans keep at it from daybreak to bed- 

 time, seldom knocking off except to say 

 their prayers at the nearest mosque, or 

 drink a cup of coffee and make a cigar- 

 ette at the nearest cafe. 



The population of Bosnia at the time 

 of the revolution is unknown. There 

 had never been a census. More than 



