484 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM 
treat to the streams in the winter, and in spring construct holes for the purpose of 
rearing their young, and that impregnation takes place after the winter has passed. 
These ideas are not supported by any evidence, and are, as we have seen above, in- 
correct. His opinion that the same burrow is not occupied for more than one year 
is also not supported by our observations. The time of hatching of the eggs is given 
as about the middle of May (p. 128), which agrees with our dates. Faxon (1885a, 
p. 74) reports that according to Mr. P. R. Uhler the female during the period of 
incubation goes into pools, ditches, ete. This, however, is contrary to the observa- 
tions of Girard, Tarr, and myself. All these particulars refer to the eastern form of 
C. diogenes, on the coastal plain, and it seems that with regard to the spawning sea- 
son and the spawning habits this form agrees with that of western Pennsylvania, 
always considering the slight difference in climate which makes this season begin a 
little earlier in the Atlantic lowlands. 
The observations made on the western form show more marked differences. 
Bundy (1877, p. 171): reports the discovery of a female with eggs nearly ready to 
hatch, near Mechanicsburg, Henry County, Indiana, on January 1, 1875. Hay 
(1896, p. 491) found that the breeding season in Indiana is in early spring, and ob- 
served copulation on April 2, 1892. At this time the specimens leave their bur- 
rows, and are frequently found in open ditches and streams. The eggs were laid 
from April 18 to April 30. He also repeatedly saw females with well grown young 
in small streams. According to Harris (1890, p. 267) a female with eggs was found 
in Kansas on May 38, 1891,” apparently in an open ditch, as is shown by the sub- 
sequent sentences. 
With the exception of Bundy’s record these dates show April and May to be the 
normal spawning season of the western form also. The observations of Hay and 
Harris, that C. diogenes frequents open ditches in spring, and that it copulates in 
spring, are, however, entirely at variance with the habits of this species in western 
Pennsylvania. ‘This is not the case here, and I have never seen specimens outside 
of their holes in spring. My observations began as early as March 23, at a time 
when the frost was hardly out of the ground. 
That this is also not the general rule in northern Indiana is shown by notes sent 
to me by Mr. E. B. Williamson from Bluffton, Wells County, Indiana. Mr. Wil- 
liamson writes to me: “As to C. diogenes congregating in ditches and the like in 
spring I have no evidence here. ‘The large males of diogenes can be expected in 
almost every little stream. ‘They move about on the bottom restlessly, not lying 
concealed. Often the current catches them and they roll over and over, but they 
79 Sic. Note the discrepancy between this date and the date of publication. 
