ORTMANN: THE CRAWFISHES OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA 487 
length of mother 71 mm., ten young; August 18, 1904, length 59 mm., ninety-two 
young ; September, 20, 1905, two cases, one 53 mm., long, with thirty-nine young, 
and another 55 mm. long, with thirty-five young ; November 8, 1905, 73 mm. long, 
with one hundred and eleven young; November 22, 1905, two cases, one 84 mm. 
long, with seventy-five young, and another 67 mm. long, with sixty-eight young. 
This extends the spawning season over the following months : February, March, 
July, August, September to November. Since young were found in February and 
November, these must have been in the egg-stage at least a month before they were 
captured, and this would add January and October. Thus we have only interrup- 
tions in December and from April to June. The gap in December may easily be 
filled, and be due only to the incompleteness of our investigations in winter, but 
the gap in April, May, and June may be real. 
If there is any spawning-season in C. bartoni it would cover nine months of the 
year, from July to March. This, however, is entirely different from what we have 
seen in the river species, where the spawning season falls exactly in the months 
where no spawning has been odserved in C. bartoni. And besides, this gap may be 
partly filled in C. bartoni, for I have found very young specimens (between 10 and 
2U mm. long; the newly hatched young are 9 to 11 mm. long) on the following 
dates: May 16, 1905 (13 to 14 mm.); May 25, 1905 (11 mm.); June 2, 1905 (about 
17 mm.); June 12, 1905 (14 mm.); June 17, 1905 (15 mm.); August 22, 1905 (10 
to 11 mm.). 
The conclusion is that very likely C. bartont has no defined spawning-season, 
but may spawn at any time of the year, and that accordingly the mating-season is 
also not restricted to a particular part of the year. The latter is further substantiated 
by the fact that males of the first form are found practically all the year round. I 
have the following dates: March 21, 28; April 19; May 7,9, 17, 21, 25, 27, 30; 
June 2, 3, 6, 12, 13, 16, 23, 24; July 10, 12, 18, 26, 29; August 1, 10, 18, 22, 26; 
September 11, 16, 20, 21, 30; October 5, 6, 10, 12, 17, 24, 31; November 8, 22; 
December 25. The only two months missing are January and February, when no 
collecting was done. On the other hand males of the second form are also abund- 
ant all the year round, and were found, with the exception of January and February, 
in every month. 
Under these circumstances it is impossible to say anything about the life-cycle 
of the single individual, since different generations cannot be traced. But one 
thing should be mentioned. The males of this species do not seem to attain sexual 
maturity as early as the river-species. The smallest male of the first form ever 
found in eastern Pennsylvania is 49 mm. long, and in western Pennsylvania 50 
