ORTMANN: THE CRAWFISHES OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA 489 
For the months of December, January, February, March, and April, no records 
are at hand. 
6. Cambarus monongalensis and Cambarus carolinus. 
The temperature conditions under which these two species are found are similar 
to those observed in the case of C. barton, and they are even more uniform, con- 
sidering the fact that both are exclusively restricted to spring-water, avoiding even 
small streams. In 1905 I took the following measurements of the temperature of 
the water in the holes of C. monongalensis (May 16 at Morgantown, the rest at 
Edgewood Park); March 18 (ground still frozen in places); 39° F.; May 16, 58° F.; 
July 8, 63° F.; August 18, 68° F. The range is considerably less than that given 
for C. obscwrus (35° to 80° F., see above, p. 479). We consequently should expect a 
similar irregularity in the seasonal history as in ©. bartoni, differing markedly from 
the third chimney-builder, C. diogenes. This is indeed the case. 
My observations are rather complete with reference to C. monongalensis, covering 
the time from March 18 to December 26. During no period within this time were 
males of the second form absent or scarce, but males of the first form were also 
almost regularly found ; the following are the dates for the latter: March 18; April 
4,21, 24; May 1, 6, 9, 16, 21, 24; June 3, 30; July 6, 8, 20, 24; August 7, 13, 18; 
September 10; October 9, 10; November 8. 
Copulation was not observed; but in one case, May 6, 1904, (Fern Hollow), a 
male of the first form anda female (55 and 72 mm. long respectively) were found 
together in the same hole. The smallest male of the first form ever found was 53 
mm. long. 
Females with eggs were obtained on June 25, 1906 (O. T. Cruikshank); June 
28, 1905, (three specimens); June 30, 1904, and July 20, 1905. These few obser- 
vations would tend to restrict the spawning-season to the months of June and July, 
but this conclusion is not admissible, since newly born young are found at various 
other parts of the year. I have such (less than 20 mm. long) taken from the hole 
of the mother, at the following dates: April 4, 1995 (13 mm. long); April 29, 1905 
(18 mm. long); May 1, 1905 (17 to 20 mm. long); May 2, 1905 (16 to 21 mm. 
long); May 6, 1904 (19 mm.‘long); June 11, 1904 (19 to 20 mm. long); August 
18, 1905 (14 mm. long); September 24, 1898 (19 mm. long and above, collected by 
Rhoads and Williamson); October 29, 1904 (19 mm. long). This extends the 
spawning-season considerably, but it has the appearance of being interrupted 
during the winter. 
The smallest female with eggs is 58.5 mm. long. The number of eggs is between 
thirty-eight and seventy-nine, which is considerably less than in the river species, 
and also on the average slightly less than in C. bartoni and diogenes. 
