332 A. Gray—North American Flora. 
of which I need not rehearse); Styrax of cognate species ;: 
Nyssa, the Asiatic representatives of which affect a warmer 
region; Gelsemium, which under the name of Jessamine is 
the vernal pride of the Southern Atlantic States; Pyrularia 
and Buckleya, peculiar Santalaceous shrubs; Sassafras and 
Benzoins of the Laurel family ; Planera and Maclura ; Pachy- 
sandra of the Box tribe; the great development of the Juglan- 
daceze (of which the sole representative in Europe probably 
was brought by man into southeastern Europe in pre-historic 
times); our Hemlock-Spruces, Arbor-vite, Chamecyparis, 
Taxodium and Torreya, with their Hast Asian counterparts, 
the Roxburghiaces, represented by Croomia—and I mig 
much further extend and particularize the enumeration—you 
will have enough to make it clear that the peculiarities of 
the one flora are the peculiarities of the other, and that the two 
are in striking contrast with the flora of Europe. 
This contrast is susceptible of explanation. I have ventured 
to regard the two antipodal floras thus compared as the favored 
heirs of the ante-glacial high northern flora, or rather as the 
heirs who have retained most of their inheritance. For, inas- 
much as. the present arctic flora is essentially the same round 
the worid, and the Tertiary fossil plants entombed in the strata. 
beneath are also largely identical in all the longitudes, we may 
well infer that the ancestors of the present northern tempera 
plants were as widely distributed throughout their northera 
home. In their enforced migration southward geographical 
configuration and climatic differences would begin to operate. 
Perhaps the way into Europe was less open than into the lower 
latitudes of America and eastern Asia, although there is Te” 
son to think that Greenland was joined to Scandinavia. H 
ever that be, we know that’ Europe was fairly well furnished 
with many of the vegetable types that are now absent, possibly 
with most of them. Those that have been recognized are 
mainly trees and shrubs, which somehow take most readily to” 
fossilization, but the herbaceous vegetation probably accom: 
panied the arboreal.. At any rate, Europe then possessed 
Torreyas and Gingkos, Taxodium and Glyptostrobus, Liboce: 
drus, Pines of our five-leaved type, as well as the analogues « 
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