136 Proceedings of the Royal Physical Society. 
1 foot or so of boulder clay, then 18 inches of fine laminated 
silt, then about 10 feet of sand and gravel with large waterworn 
boulders of trap rock. Upon this gravel lay 20 to 30 feet of 
boulder clay, with the farmhouse of Kingsknowe crowning it. 
At the west end of this section the sand and gravel abutted 
abruptly against the boulder clay, which then extended from 
the rock head up to the farm buildings as a steep cliff more 
than 30 feet in height. ‘The eastern side of this bed of sand 
and gravel was not seen, as it was covered by a mass of run 
débris which had slipped down from above. Beyond this 
slipped stuff, the sand and gravel was again seen resting on 
the rock with a mtch larger proportion of waterwern blocks, 
It was clear from this fact that the gravel was the débris of 
a river which once occupied the hollow it now fills, and that 
the quarry had cut it obliquely, exposing its western end, 
while the eastern was hid by the débris. In 1886 this gravel 
was free from vegetable remains, but in 1884 occurred several 
small lumps of peat that had evidently been torn from a 
peat bed, and carried away and deposited in the gravel 
forming by the torrential action of the river. ‘These stray 
pieces of peat, when washed, were found to be merely masses 
of granular vegetable débris, quite identical with peaty 
matter washed from sand got in 1887 in sitw in the south- 
east corner of Hailes Quarry, which consisted only of 
vegetable débris and spores of Isoetes, which latter were 
innumerable. Above this peaty sand were 6 or 7 feet of 
boulder clay, brown and rusty from being near the surface, 
and in it were some trap boulders 2 feet in diameter. 
Between these gravel and peat beds on the south side of the 
quarry, and the peat beds in the sandy clay in the north-east 
corner, there is the great gap of the quarry, and all physical 
connection is now wanting between them, but there can be 
little reasonable doubt that both are parts of the same series 
of deposits which took place at the same time under similar 
circumstances, and, taken together, they suggest a river, 
rapid and torrential in parts, and in others, slow, and with 
lake-like expansions, in the quieter water of which the shells 
and Ostracoda lived, and the plants grew, whose remains we 
now find buried in its peats and silts. 
