34 BKITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 



by notes made whilst preparing the subject-matter of the following 

 chapters. 



Bearing closely on the matter of imaginal development is the 

 subject of pupa3 passing more than the normal time in the pupal 

 stage. There is but little doubt that, in our latitude, pupae do 

 not normally pass more than one winter in this state. We may 

 classify pupae that do go over the winter as : (1) Those that mature 

 in the autumn, the f ally- developed imago really hybernating within 

 the pupal shell, e.g., the Taeniocampids, Panolis piniperda and 

 Valeria oleagina. (2) Those that undergo apparently but little 

 development until shortly before the time for the emergence of the 

 imago, then mature rapidly, the imagines emerging without further 

 delay. We doubt much whether any of the first section go over the 

 winter a second year, but our knowledge of the condition in which 

 many pupae go over the winter is nil. One of the most persistent of 

 all pupae for over-wintering for a number of years is Eriogaster 

 lanestris, which has records for seven years (Speyer), five years (Tutt), 

 &c, and then emerging successfully, whilst other pupae belonging to the 

 same batches have emerged at the end of one, two, or three years, and 

 so on. Of the Acronyctids, Chapman says that Cuspidia tnegacephala 

 is the most accomplished of all the species in passing more than one winter 

 as a pupa, though it is run rather closely by Acronicta leporina. More 

 than half a brood usually goes over to the second year, and, in 1891, of 

 three pupae left of larvae of 1887, two emerged quite satisfactorily, 

 ordinary, full-sized specimens, whilst the third, alive and well, passed the 

 fifth winter as a pupa. Of EupitJiecia togata which pupated in 1888, most 

 emerged in 1889, but several in April, 1890 ; Saturnia pavonia from 

 Rannoch, EupitJiecia venosata, Emmelesia albidata, and Heydenia auro- 

 maculata from Shetland, pupae received in 1888, chiefly emerged in 1890 

 (Tutt), Petasia nubecidosa, three, four, and five winters (Chapman), 

 Sphinx ligustri, pupated 1887, emerged 1889 (Baxter), Asphalia ridens, 

 pupated 1888, emerged 1890 (Hodges), Smerinthus tiliae, pupated 1887, 

 emerged 1889, Notodonta dromedarius, Lophopteryx camelina, EupitJiecia 

 pygmaeata, E. linariata, pupated 1888, emerged 1890 (Fenn), Cucullia 

 verbasci, two years (Bayne), Notodonta trepida, two years (Kimber), 

 Triaena tridens, two years (King), Phalera bucephala, two years (Daws), 

 Papilio machaon, two years (Mitchell), Nyssia zonaria, two years (Row- 

 land-Brown). The record of Catocala nupta pupating in October, 1893, 

 and emerging in August, 1894 (Ent. Becord, vi., p. 33) is very peculiar. 

 Morris notes (Can. Entom., viii., p. 198) the emergence of Samia cynthia 

 after three years as pupa. Edwards also notes (loc. cit. , xxiv. , p. 52) pupae 

 of AnthocJiaris sara, A. cethura, A.genutia, A. ausonoides, Papilio rutulus, 

 and P. daunus, as passing two years in the pupal stage before the emer- 

 gence of the imago. Mera notes that of a batch of Dianthoecia capsin- 

 cola (eggs laid in May, 1887), about one-half emerged in the August of 

 the same year, the remainder not appearing until the following May. 

 Carpenter notes that of a large number of Cymatophora ridens that 

 pupated in 1888, most emerged in 1889, none in 1890, but one in April, 

 1891. Adkin writes (Ent. Becord, ii., p. 90) that in 1884 he fed up 

 larvae from 25 ova of Endromis versicolor, which pupated in due course, 

 the imagines appearing as follows : April 19th, 1885, one male; April 

 20th-25th, 1885, 8 ? ; April 3rd-20th, 1886, 12 males only. Another 

 lot fed up in 1888 produced — March 30th, 1889, one male ; April 4th, 



