44 BRITISH LEPIDOPTEEA. 



until it is situated deeply beneath the antenna, then it turns forwards 

 to the antenna, and only reaches the surface by emerging from beneath 

 the antenna, and, turning inwards, forming the " eye-collar," which 

 contains only its terminal joints, the others being concealed deeply. 

 The nature of this observation on the Sesiids shows that they have 

 been derived from ancestors with well-developed maxillary palpi, which 

 are still retained in the pupal state. These organs are well-developed 

 in the Cochlidids and in most of the Tineid offshoots. In a general 

 way it may be said that whilst most of the Lepidoptera with pupae - 

 incompleta3 have more or less distinct traces of maxillary palpi, those 

 with pupae-obtectae are without them. Some pupae of the Pyralids, 

 however, have simple maxillary palpi, whilst Lithocolletids, Ptero- 

 phorids, and, in some degree, Anthrocerids, have scarcely (if any) 

 traces of these organs, whilst the Gracilariid and the Coleophorid pupae 

 certainly have none. In the Obtectae no maxillary palpi are seen in 

 the pupa, and in those Pyraloids that possess them in the imago they 

 are small and simple, and do not reach the surface in the pupa. The 

 maxillary palpus appears to form one of the best pupal characters for 

 distinguishing the Tineids (i.e., Tinea and its allies, not Tineina) and 

 Tortricids. In the former, these are almost always well-developed in 

 the pupa, in the latter, they are ill-developed or almost wanting. In 

 Cossus, after dehiscence, the cases of the maxillary palpi are small but 

 quite evident, and the same obtains in most Tortricids. We have 

 already referred to the peculiar maxillary palpi of Cochlidids (ante, 

 p. 43). Packard notes the maxillary palpi of Taleporia as extending 

 under the eye from the antennae to the labial palpi, which are short but 

 very broad, and says that those of the Psychids generally are similar, 

 whilst in Thyridopteryx they unite and form a continuous bar or piece 

 in front of the labrum, and approximate to certain HepiaUdae. It may 

 be well to notice that the maxillary palpus is preserved in some Pam- 

 philid pupae as a minute eye-collar, a character not to be observed in 

 any true butterfly pupae. 



The labium (or second maxillae) is not often to be detected in the 

 pupa. Packard says that it is well marked in Lagoa superba, though 

 the labial palpi are only represented by two short lobes. In the 

 Cossid pupa, the labium and its palpi are long and narrow as in 

 Tortrix. 



The labial palpi, called by Packard the second maxillary palpi, 

 are also absent in most highly-developed lepidopterous pupae. In the 

 Eriocraniids, they are large organs, passing forwards, when the head 

 is raised, at an angle to each other of 70° or 80° and reaching quite in 

 front of the jaws (when closed), and used apparently as tactile agents 

 during emergence, but do not seem to possess any freedom of move- 

 ment of their own. They are also large in Tischeria, Bucculatrix, the 

 true Tineids, the Taleporiids and the Psychids, and, as a general rule, 

 it may be said that their presence is usually a sign of the pupa 

 belonging to one or other of the generalised families. They are also 

 present in many pupae-obtectae. 



Between the eye and the labrum, there is, in some pupae, a small 

 piece marked off distinctly from the other head-parts, and, as it is 

 situated also at the base of the clypeus, Packard has named it the 

 paraclypeal tubercle. He figures it (Bombycine Moths of America, 

 p. 74, fig. 34), very distinctly, in the pupa of the Mexican Phassus 



