26 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 



segments. After five minutes, the skin split above the prolegs 

 between the 5th and 6th abdominal segments, but was still unmoved 

 on the 4th abdominal, i.e., the last six segments of the pupa occupied 

 the 5th and 6th abdominal segments of the larva. After eight 

 minutes, the skin split between the 4th and 5th abdominal segments 

 above tbe prolegs, and, after ten minutes, between the 3rd and 4th 

 abdominals, i.e., in the incision, but longitudinal in line above the 

 prolegs. After eleven minutes, it split between the 2nd and 3rd 

 abdominals, the skin on the 2nd, at this time, hardly moved down at 

 all, the 6th abdominal segment (larval) having reached the end of the 

 pupa. After thirteen minutes a split was observed between the 1st 

 and 2nd abdominals. After sixteen minutes, the trachea was drawn 

 from the 1st abdominal spiracle, whilst the skin of the 4th abdominal 

 segment (larva) reached the end of the pupa ; the skin split dorsally 

 down the three thoracic segments, whilst the lateral split continued 

 through the metathorax and first three abdominal segments, the head 

 also splitting, and a small lateral slit appeared on the meso- and 

 metathorax. After twenty minutes, the position of the first spiracle 

 was exposed, but it was already deeply buried betAveen the segments 

 and hidden ; the lining of the alimentary canal was drawn out between 

 the maxilhe. After 24 minutes, the larval head had reached the wing 

 extremities, the antennae clear of the head although the ends still stood 

 up free, the times of the opening and closing of the spiracular valves 

 about equal. After 29 minutes the pupa freed itself from the larval 

 skin, some fluid was visible on the last uncovered segments, whilst 

 the spiracles were closing rapidly (those on the 2nd, 6th, and 7th 

 abdominals already closed). After 32 minutes the wings extended 

 so as to reach the end of the 3rd abdominal segment, the movement of 

 the fourth spiracle barely visible. The maxilla presented both a down- 

 ward extension (proboscis) and a lateral one, the latter having two 

 lines across it, as though representing two joints of the maxillary 

 palpus. 



Chapman notes that as soon as the larval skin of Charaxes jasius 

 has been cast, the pupa is still of considerable length and compara- 

 tively narrow, and the Avings and appendages are short, only reaching 

 to the middle of the 3rd abdominal segment, AA T hilst all the abdominal 

 segments are rounded with deep incisions. Vermicular movement 

 continues, Avith the result of gradually bringing the pupa into its short 

 squat form Avith very dwindled terminal segments. During this 

 process the wings and appendages nearly double in length, and the 

 vermicular mo\ T ements seem to cause this result by a process of 

 forcing the fluids from the diminishing to the increasing parts. 

 During this stage Chapman first noticed certain remarkable phe- 

 nomena connected Avith the spiracles (abdominal), Avhich, at the com- 

 mencement of this period, are " Avide oval depressions, Avith apparently 

 the spiracle proper of a broAvnish colour at the bottom. During the 

 process of hardening they become narroAver, till they are, in the mature 

 pupa, very narrow lines, Avith questionably any actual lumen." Within 

 a minute or tAvo of the skin being cast, Chapman noticed a movement 

 that, he says, could not be better described than by saying that these 

 spiracles " winked " at him. The broAvn-coloured portion Avas iioav at 

 the bottom of the oval slit, not much wider at the surface than beloAv, 

 but just Avithin the outer opening there descended from above, and hid 



