100 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 



and a true cremaster. The Cossid pupa, in all these respects, is truly 

 a Zeuzerid rather than a Tortricid, it is, in fact, a very slightly 

 generalised Tortricid. The pupa of Retinia differs from that of Cossus 

 in the femur being fixed to the legs on dehiscence, in having a smaller 

 maxillary palpus, and in having a cremaster, which is, however, 

 nothing more than the ordinary hairs of the last segments, hooked at 

 the tips. 



A number of groups of the Tineina ( = undifferentiated groups of In- 

 completae and lower Obtectae) have obtect pupae, and though these are 

 not necessarily related to each other, each group must be higher than any 

 group of Incompletae to which it may, perchance, be related. There 

 are other groups that have solidified pupae. It is improbable that 

 these are all related to each other, but the present state of our know- 

 ledge is not sufficient to unravel the matter, nor is space at command to 

 discuss such details as we have, nor is the present nomenclature equal 

 to specifying the groups by name, since our latest authority in classi- 

 fying these (Meyrick) mixes up Obtectae and Incompletae in the same 

 families in a bewildering way, and many even of his genera are incon- 

 gruous and absurd in view of pupal structure. As Obtectae, mention 

 may be made of Argyresthia, Elachista, Yponymeuta, Depressaria, 

 Plutella, Coleophora, (Ecoplwra, Chimabacche, Dasycera, Laverna, Eper- 

 menia, &c. It would, perhaps, hardly be going too far to say that the 

 old Tineina formed an Obtect group, from which we require to separate 

 Nepticulids, Adelids, Gracilariids, Tineids, and some others (to be 

 placed with Cochlidids, Tortricids, Zeuzerids, Anthrocerids, Sesiids, 

 Pterophorids, already separated). The genera with solidified pupae in- 

 clude Perittia, Bedellia, Enicostoma, Parasia and allies, Thyris, and some 

 others. The pupaa of the Lyonetiidae also appear to be solid, but the parts 

 separate with great facility, and it is doubtful if they are really solid. 

 They are certainly unrelated to any of those mentioned above, except 

 probably Bedellia, which appears to be a Lyonetiid. In the Lyonetiids, 

 the wing- and leg-cases extend to the extremity of the abdomen, and 

 all fit together absolutely, so that, when separated, one cannot believe 

 otherwise than that adhesions have been broken down. This facility 

 of breaking down is very different from the obtect solidity of Thyris, 

 Bedellia and Enicostoma. 



These notes partake, perhaps, rather of the nature of a gossip on 

 some pupal characters, than an attempt to discuss the phylogeny of 

 the Lepidoptera at length by means of them, but it sets forth some of 

 the more general lines on which study in this direction has proceeded, 

 and shows also, probably, in what direction future students may help 

 to unravel the intricacies of this interesting subject. 



