PSYCHIDES. 109 



Plusieurs fois j'en ai fait l'observation." It is well-known that the 

 larva uses the posterior end of the case for ordinary defecation, but the 

 observation as to the use of the mandibles requires confirmation. The 

 case of Apterona crenulella (helix), nearly as large as a small pea, 

 resembles a sinistral snail shell, has three-and-a-balf whorls, and is 

 formed of a firm whitish silk, thickly coated externally with small 

 particles of earth, the colour of the case being grey, red-brown, or 

 black, varying according to the colour of the earth from which the 

 larva draws its supply. The uppermost half -turn is very indistinct and 

 generally appears as if it has collapsed. At the place where the second 

 whorl commences there is a lateral opening, the margins of which 

 usually conceal the entrance into the cavity of the whorl. The faeces 

 are ejected from this aperture by the larva. Siebold says that the body 

 of the larva of this species is also spirally curled, although in form 

 and length it only corresponds with the lowermost whorl of the case. 

 He further adds that the female of A. crenulella (like all other Macro- 

 Psychid females) quits its case after oviposition is completed, making use 

 of the lateral opening, which also permits of the act of copulation, which 

 could only be effected through a low lateral aperture of this kind. He 

 also notes that in all the cases of A. crenulella he had hitherto examined 

 (more than 150 in seven years) he had only found female pup*. 

 Males have, however, since the time that Siebold's observations were 

 made, been obtained freely. 



The Psychid pupae fall very distinctly into two classes, which we may 

 call, for convenience, the Micro-Psychid or Taleporiid and the Macro- 

 Psychid. The Taleporiid type of pupa is found in the genera Nary da, 

 Diplodoma, Solenobia, Bankesia, Taleporia, Litjfia, and Bacotia. The 

 Psychid type of pupa occurs in the Fumeids, Epichnopterygids, Psychids, 

 and Oiketicids. The former is characterised by its anterior band of 

 dorsal hooks, the recurved hairs on abdominal segments 8-10, and the 

 presence of two small dorso-anal spikes. The latter is distinguished by a 

 supplementary posterior row of dorsal hooks on the abdominal segments, 

 and by the two ventral hook-like modifications of the larval anal pro- 

 legs. These two forms of the pupa do not separate sharply the generalised 

 from the specialised families in this superfamily, for the Lujiidae 

 (Litjfia and Bacotia), both in the imago and larva, belong to the higher 

 Psychids, whilst the pupa shows that the family must have been 

 derived almost directly from the Taleporiid branch, a mode of evolution 

 that cannot be predicated with such certainty for the Fumeids and 

 those families above the Fumeids on the same stem. 



One knows beforehand, on examining the chrysalids of the true 

 Psychidae, even superficially, and apart from the sexual organs, to 

 what sex they belong, for whilst the male pupa is very like other 

 pupai-incompletre, that of the female is obtuse at both extremities, 

 with practically no trace of wings, and recalls the form of the pupas of 

 some Diptera. The pupa of the male moves up and down its silken 

 tube with great activity. In the Psychid pupa the first free segment 

 is the 3rd, the male pupa has the 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th abdominal 

 segments free, the female has the 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th only free. 

 Heylaerts says that the male pupa has the general form of those of the 

 Bombycids, but that it is distinguished from them — 



(1) By a ring of recurved hooks which is found on the dorsal face of the 

 abdominal segments, above all, on the last three where they are most strong and 



