110 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 



numerous. (The pupas of Fumea and of Apterona have them but little developed, 

 above all, those of the former genus, in which the hooks give place to rugosities. 

 In the latter genus, the heliciform shape of the case renders it less necessary. The 

 Cossid and Hepialid pupae possess similar hooks.) 



(2) By the shape of the anal segment, which ends in two very strong and very 

 wide hooks, which curve ventrally forward. (In the genus Fumea — F. sepium is an 

 exception* — they are curved backward and very much spread out. The front of the 

 segment carries a double excrescence in the form of two tubercles in juxtaposi- 

 tion ; in Apterona they do not exist at all. A longitudinal depression is found on 

 each side of the abdomen.) 



By means of the hooks on the abdominal segments the pupa? of the 

 higher Psychids are able to wriggle rapidly up and down in their cases. 

 One notices this movement readily when the sun is shining on a case of 

 Pachythelia villosella near the point of emergence. The colour of most 

 of the Psychid pupaB (including the generalised families) is yellowish- 

 brown, c.ij., many species of Psyche, all those of Epiclmopteryx, Bijugis, 

 Fumea and Apterona, and these, some days before the emergence 

 of the imago, become blackish, occasionally with a metallic reflec- 

 tion. In others, however, the pupa is black with the anterior and 

 posterior areas red or reddish-brown. Sometimes the edges of the 

 segments are darker, e.g., Stenophanes apijormis (Heylaerts). The 

 female pupa of the higher Psychids appears to make much less move- 

 ment in its case. It is very soft and delicate, the headparts are 

 ventral, the prothorax usually frontal (in some both the pro- and 

 mesothorax incline to a ventral position) . The abdominal segments are 

 usually larger, the spiracles distinct, and scars, denoting the position 

 of the larval prolegs, are also conspicuous, but these form a character 

 observable in both sexes, and are found also in the lower Psychids. 

 In both sexes, too, the external marks of the genital organs are 

 evident, and there is generally some trace (sometimes very marked) of 

 a lateral longitudinal depression, homologous with the well-developed 

 lateral flange of the Psychid larva?. Heylaerts states that the female 

 pupa3 of the Oiketicidae, Aniimdidae, Psychidae, Apteronidae, and 

 Epticlinopteryyidae have no wing-cases, and only very rudimentary ones 

 for the antennae and legs, but that the genera Bijugis and Fumea 

 possess wing-cases, although the female imagines are without wings. 

 The pupa? of the lower Psychids with apterous (or almost apterous) 

 females — Solenobia, Banhesia, Taleporia — as also those of the higher 

 Luffia and Bacotia, have very distinct wings. It is stated that the 

 pupa of Apterona crenulella (heli.r) is bent (conforming to the heliciform 

 shape of the case), and that the female also takes the same shape. 



The dehiscence of the Psychid pupa is interesting. In the lowest 

 forms the head-parts are nearly (or actually) separate, having the legs 

 attached loosely to the wings. In the more intermediate forms (B. 

 sepium, &c), the head-parts remain attached together, but the antennae 

 stand out free. In the highest subfamilies (Whittleia reticella, P. villosella) 

 the whole front remains in one piece. It is quite an accident whether 

 this piece remains in its place or is twisted aside, but even in the 

 highest forms, e.g., ('. unicolor, the pieces separate as effectually as in 

 B. conspurcatella, with very little interference (something a very long 

 way short of violence). In none of them do the eye-pieces go with 

 the dorsal headpiece. 



*Laeotia sepium is not a Fumeid, but a Luffiid. It has a pupa of the Tale- 

 poriid type, and the larva has highly specialised tubercles (in position). 



