112 BEITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 



pair of feet, some genera [Epichnopteryx and Fumed) have a pair of 

 spurs. On the posterior tibiae, Psyche has a pair of very small spurs, 

 Didbasis a very well-developed pair, whilst Fumea and Epichnopteryx 

 have two pairs. The stigmata are placed in normal position ; the 

 wings differ much in form and are covered with hair and scales, the 

 latter often piliform are wide in the genus Fumea ; the fringe is also 

 long and piliform (Heylaerts). 



The female in most of the Psychids is apterous, in fact, in all, 

 except those genera that are at the base of the stirps and that have 

 been already named — Narycia, Diplodoma, Melasina, Psilothrix, Lypusa, 

 &c. Bruand lays much stress on the differences offered by the apterous 

 females, which he divides into three groups — 



(1) Araneiformes — represented by Fumea, Luffia, Bacotia, Bankesia, and 

 Solenobia. 



(2) Semivermiformes — Taleporia . 



(3) Vermiformes — Epichnopteryx, Apterona, Sterrhopterix, and all the higher 

 Psychids. 



The " araneiform " and " semi vermiform " females leave their 

 cases immediately they have emerged and rest upon the extremity 

 of the case whilst awaiting the male — the Fumeids with the ovipositor 

 thrust into the case, the anal tuft closing up the entrance to the case, 

 but the others quite exposed, with the ovipositor hanging down- 

 wards (the case also hanging downwards) in the Solenobiids, 

 the Taleporiid females resting similarly. Bacotia and Luffia, how- 

 ever, rest on the case with extended ovipositor, until fertilisation takes 

 place. We may here mention that Bruand placed Luffia $ with 

 the "vermiform" group — an evident error. The Solenobiids and 

 Taleporiids necessarily adopt a different egg-laying habit from the 

 Fumeids. The empty pupa-skin of the female projecting from the 

 larval case of the former groups, the eggs are placed in the latter, by 

 means of the long ovipositor which is inserted between the edges 

 of the larval case and the pupal- skin. The ovipositor in most 

 of these is very elongated, composed of three cylindrical pieces, 

 two of which are retractile, so that the female can deposit its 

 eggs almost at the bottom of the case, lengthening or shorten- 

 ing the segments of the ovipositor like the tubes of a telescope, the ovi- 

 positor, when fully extended is often longer than the body of the female. 

 Siebold, in his Memoire sur la reproduction de Psyche, has given some 

 interesting anatomical details of the internal structure of the ovipositor 

 and of the generative organs. The deposition of eggs outside the case 

 must be looked upon as abnormal in all those Psychids with apterous 

 females. The "vermiform" females of Bruand — Epichnopteryx, 

 Apterona, Bijuyis, and all the higher Psychids — remain in the case, 

 coming up the long silken tube to its entrance, the male inserting his 

 extensile abdomen and pairing with the female whilst in this position. 

 These females are very restless, often partly emerging and then retreat- 

 ing into the case, until a male has found them, and on this account 

 Standfuss termed the group — Pupifuyae. If a male should not find 

 them they will often after two or three days, force their way completely 

 out of the case when they soon perish. Copulation appears impossible 

 if a female be removed from the case (at any rate we watched a male 

 P. villosella most eagerly attempting to pair with an exposed female 

 returning again and again for quite an hour, but utterly unable to do 



