NAEYCIA MONILIFERA. 143 



The two bristles at base of labrum finely hooked, the mandibles very- 

 large ; the maxillae well-developed, triangular, sharp-pointed, well- 

 marked maxillary palpus at each exterior angle ; the labial palpi (as 

 in most other Taleporiids) form two large flaps between maxillae, not 

 divided at base ; the tubercles as in larva — i and ii trapezoidal, iii 

 large, iv (large) and v (weak) in line longitudinally below spiracle, vi, 

 vii, and viii all single-haired ; ii nearer to i on abdominal segments 

 5-8 than on 1-4 ; the setae occur as recurved hooked hairs on abdominal 

 segments 9-10 (4 ordinary tubercular hairs on 8, and 2 on 9) ; two dorsal 

 anal spikes on abdominal segment 10. The dorsal spines form a 

 patch (3 or 4 transverse rows) anterior to tubercles i on abdominal 

 segments 5-8, the spines look small and sparse. The spiracles stand 

 out as well-developed cones. Two rounded bosses in front of venter 

 of 9th abdominal segment mark the genital organs. The eye goes 

 with the faceparts and antennae, on dehiscence, as in Psychids, but 

 legs are separate (Chapman). The anal segments of the pupa are 

 figured by Fischer. 



Food-plants. — Lichens on trees and in hedges (Zeller), green 

 confervoid growth on tree-trunks (Warren), Parmelia (Bossier) . 



Habits and Habitat. — Stephens says that it occurs among elms 

 in the vicinity of the metropolis, but is not very abundant. Barrett 

 notes that at Haslemere imagines occurred on an old fence from which 

 cases had been obtained earlier in the year. Wood says that at Tar- 

 rington it is occasionally met with on the wing, or at rest on tree- 

 trunks. Bower notes that in Kent, the larvae are not confined to any 

 particular tree, but the cases are generally well hidden in crevices of 

 bark. The imagines are generally captured at rest or flying in the 

 morning sun. Hudd and Harding found the cases on the trunks of 

 various fruit-trees in their gardens, near Bristol. Atmore has taken 

 a few imagines at King's Lynn, always flying in the sunshine. 

 Warren notes the larvae as occurring on old fences at Brandon, and 

 Farren, near Cambridge, has captured specimens on the trunks of an 

 old tree on the banks of the Cam. Bankes beat an imago from Scotch 

 fir at Kingwood, whilst Digby captured others at rest on lichen- 

 covered beech trunks, on which empty cases of the species were noticed 

 at the same time, in the New Forest. The imago is often found sitting 

 on the tree-trunks, but the males fly briskly in the afternoon. Griffiths 

 says that the larvae were found most abundantly feeding on patches of 

 yellow lichen growing near the bases of the limestone cliff's of the 

 Cheddar Gorge, some distance up the road beyond the entrance to the 

 caves, shortly after passing the highest of the great bastioned rocks, 

 the most picturesque part of this wonderful defile. Douglas notes 

 larvae on the fence in Addington Boad, near Shirley. Durrant found 

 cases in " countless thousands " on fences at Southill, Beds., on Oct. 

 15th, 1884, also on lichen-covered fences in 1891, and trunks of Pinus 

 sylvextris in 1897 at Merton ; Bacot found a single case on an old oak- 

 trunk at Broxbourne in 1899. Mann found cases on the trunks of 

 Bobinia jjseudacacia near Vienna, and states that the larvae fed on the 

 bark lichens. The imagines, he asserts, emerge 14 days after pupa- 

 tion, and are to be found on the acacia trunks and on fences near, 

 being difficult to find, so well are they protected by their colour. 

 Zeller found specimens on a willow-trunk on the borders of an alder 

 thicket at Glogau. Reutti notes the cases in Baden on tree-trunks, 



