SOLENOBIA. 161 



antennae were found to be shorter than those of the latter, thinner, and 

 with longer segments (15), the last segment exhibiting a lateral con- 

 striction, suggesting that it might be formed of two segments, whilst 

 at the extremity is a very small blunt-pointed knob, although this 

 difference could not be considered sufficiently constant to separate it as 

 a distinct species. Hofmann considered that probably the partheno- 

 genetic females of several species of Solenobia were lumped together 

 under the name lichenella, and he surmised that the parthenogenetic 

 insect obtained at Eatisbon might be a form of 8. pineti. He adds that 

 Eeutti sent him cases (as lichenella) from fences and stone posts, very 

 like those of pineti, but with more prominent and projecting angles. 

 Zeller's statement (Linn. Ent., vii., p. 354) and the resemblance of 

 some of the Eatisbon cases of lichenella to those of S. pineti, led Hof- 

 mann to suggest that they might be the same species, but further 

 evidence is distinctly wanted. The same author notes a case like that 

 of S. pineti the larva found feeding on an Agaricus, growing on an old 

 willow tree, at Eatisbon, which produced a parthenogenetic female 

 on April 25th, 1859, exactly like those reared from the pear tree 

 mentioned above. Hartmann observes [Kleimchmett. Miinchens, p. 

 10 (1871)] that the cases of S. triquetrella are found on the 

 northern wall of the park and other walls and fences round Munich. 

 Those from walls are notably rougher than those from wooden 

 fences, the former having more sand and particles of stone, the latter 

 fine particles of wood and lichen, covering them. All the cases 

 produce wingless females, and a male is unknown from the district. 

 He noticed young larvae in a breeding cage that had contained 

 cases that had produced only females, and fed them on lichens, dead 

 flies, &c, moistened occasionally. He hibernated the larvae success- 

 fully, and bred the following April only females. He carried on the 

 same race through five years, 1863-1867, when this particular strain 

 died out. Then he started another .... In order to further test 

 the question he obtained, in 1868, from E. Hofmann, at Nuremberg, 

 triquetrella larvae, from a place where, strangely, only males and no 

 females had emerged from collected larvae. From these cases seven 

 males emerged, and, as Hartmann was breeding parthenogenetic females 

 at the time, he paired a male with one in an empty glass. The 

 male died next morning, the female laid her eggs in the case, and died 

 the second day. After fourteen days the young larvae appeared, made 

 themselves cases, and the following February (1869) 25 examples 

 pupated. On the morning of March 19th, the first imago, a ? , 

 appeared. On March 20th this had left its case for some distance 

 without laying any eggs, probably in expectation of a male ; 

 several other females appeared during the succeeding days, but 

 no male appeared. From fresh cases sent by Hofmann only males 

 i emerged, which he attempted to pair with fresh parthenogenetic 

 females, but failed. In March, 1869, Siebold also sent him cases of 

 S. triquetrella which he had received from Wocke at Breslau. From 

 these cases only 5 s appeared, and although they were kept for breed- 

 ing no results were obtained. Hartmann further (loc. cit., p. 12) 

 states thai lie had inbred parthenogenetic lichenella from the same 

 stock for eight years, and that males of 8. inconspicuclla, bred from 

 Breslau cases, would not pair with these lichenella. 



Eeferring to the imagines of the Solenobiid species we find that the 



