SOLENOBIA LICHENELLA. 181 



Walsingham considers some cases found by Evans on rocks in the 

 Pentlands (near Edinburgh) to be of the same species as those collected 

 by Hamm at Wellington College. Barrett notes (Mason's History 

 Norfolk, app., p. xxxvi) that at Brandon the larvae were abundant on 

 old palings, but that only apterous and parthenogenetic females were 

 bred therefrom. De Geer records finding cases on the walls of his 

 house at Leufsta every year in autumn, and again in spring, but he 

 says that they did not live there, and only came to undergo their 

 transformations or to hybernate. He remarks that " leading to the 

 house is a wall made of granite blocks covered with lichen. The larvae 

 live on this wall, are not rare, and feed on the tiny lichens growing on 

 the stone ; they do not undergo their transformation till spring (the 

 commencement of May being the usual time for their appearance). 

 These have always been female, and the pupa-case is drawn out 

 almost entirely, so that it is held by its posterior end in the posterior 

 opening of the case." Glitz says that the parthenogenetic form (of 

 8. pineti) only occurs in Hanover, the larvae being found on lichens 

 on old fences, walls, and tree-trunks. 



Time of appearance. — April (Speyer) ; March and April in Alsace 

 (Peyerimhon) ; May and June in Piedmont (Ghiliani) ; larvae in 

 March, imagines in April (Glitz). Early April to early May from 

 near Wellington College (Hamm) — imagines bred April 12th-20th, 

 1899, from Wellington College pup* (Tutt), April 23rd, 1899 (Bacot), 

 April 2nd-25th, 1896, April 4th-21st, 1897, April 5th-26th, 1899, 

 from Wellington College (Hamm). 



Localities. — Berks : Near Wellington College (Hamm). ? Cheshire : 

 Eudheath (Edleston). ? Edinburgh: Pentlands, near Edinburgh (Evans teste 

 Walsingham). Suffolk: Brandon (Barrett). ? Sussex : Horsham, Augmering, 

 near Worthing (Fletcher). 



Distribution. — Austro-Hungary : Preth (Zeller). Denmark : (Bang-Haas). 

 France: Paris dist. (Reaumur), ?Doubs (Bruand), Douai (Fuocart). Germany: 

 Wurtemberg, Stuttgart, Urach, Friedrichshall (Steudel), Silesia (Assmann), Pome- 

 rania (Buttner), Frankfort-on-Main, Cassel (Koch), Waldeck — Wildungen (Speyer), 

 Munich (Hartmann), Hanover (Glitz), Nassau (Bossier), Alsace (Peyerimhoff), 

 Bavaria (Heinemann), Batisbon and Erlangen (Hofmann), Breslau (Wocke), Baden 

 generally — Lahr (Beutti), Berlin, Freiburg-im-Breisgau (Siebold), [? Potsdam, 

 Friedland, Stettin, Hamburg (Sorhagen)] . Italy: Piedmont (Ghiliani). Nether- 

 lands: very common, Gravenhage, &c. (Snellen). Russia : Baltic provinces 

 (Xolcken), ? Dorpat (Petersen). Scandinavia: Waxalensis (Linne), Christiansand 

 (Wocke), Suecica, Scania, Smolandia, Ostrogothia, Uplandia, western and northern 

 Norway(Wallengren), Leufsta (De Geer). [? Switzerland : Oberalbula, Engadine 

 (Zeller)] . Roumania : Grumazesti, Slanic (Caradja) 



Pal^earctic species of Solenobia not yet authenticated as British. 



At one time or other many of the species of the genus Sollnobia 

 have been recorded as occurring in the British Islands. As a matter of 

 fact it is quite possible that some are British, so little do we know of the 

 species of the genus that inhabit Britain. 8. triqiistreila has stood for 

 a half-century in our British lists, yet no male of the species can be 

 referred to as an undoubted native. Barrett has introduced 8. ivockii 

 as British, but as we have already shown (ante, p. 165) the insects 

 thus referred certainly are not this species. Walsingham considers 

 that three females, obtained from cases collected by Logan in the 

 Pentlands, may be referable to S. nickerlii ; S. lichenella, which 

 appears certainly to be British, is considered by continental entomolo- 

 gists to be the parthenogenetic form of the sexuated S. pineti, whilst 



