SOLENOBIA MANNII. 193 



larvae are to be found on the lichens on walls and stones about 

 Freiburg (Siebold) ; on lichen-covered rocks and trunks of oak, wild 

 pear, and sometimes spun up on grass-culms and stems of Spartium 

 scoparium at Ratisbon (0. Hofmann) ; on pine- and fir-trunks at 

 Nuremburg (E. Hofmann) ; not rare at the end of April and com- 

 mencement of May among the old trees in the forest of Soignes, where 

 the cases occur on the bark of beeches in autumn, pupation taking 

 place in the following spring, the pupation-period lasting 2-3 weeks 

 (Fologne) ; the larvae hybernate, attain their full size in spring, when 

 they are to be found in the Doubs dept. on old oak palings and walls 

 exposed to the north, and even on the rocks of the mountain wastes 

 (Bruand) ; Gartner says that the larvae live in September on fences, 

 walls, &c, close to the ground, where they feed on Dematium virescens, 

 hybernate in crevices or among grass, and appear again on their food 

 with the first sunny days of March. He never found at the beginning 

 or middle of March a male larva, but at the end of April and beginning 

 of May he usually found empty female and full male cases. Steudel 

 and Hofmann, who only found lichenella at Stuttgart and looked upon 

 it as the parthenogenetic form of this species (8. pineti), considered that 

 the sexuated S. triquetrella required animal food for its development, 

 the cases being always clothed with fragments of devoured insects. 



Time of appeaeance. — The earliest imagines appear sometimes in 

 March, usually, however, in April, but sometimes as late as May at 

 Dresden (Fischer) . Harzer says that the females always emerge earlier 

 than the males, which Zeller remarks is unexpected after his experi- 

 ence with 8. pineti. The latter notes the cases as common after 

 hybernation in March, the imagines appearing in March and April in 

 Vienna ; imagines in April and May in the Doubs dept. (Bruand), at 

 the end of April and beginning of May in the forest of Soignes 

 (Fologne), cases from September to April, the imagines in April and 

 May at Ratisbon, bred May 2nd, 1868 (Hofmann), imagines on May 

 10th, 1865, at Lemberg (Nowicki), in May at Dobrudschka (Mann), 

 April and May at Nuremburg (Hofmann), cases in February and 

 March, the imagines also in March in Alsace (Peyerimhoff) [whilst 

 Milliere gives " July" for the imagines at Berthemont and Thorenc, 

 which makes one suspect his species] . 



Distribution. — Austeo-Hungaby : Vienna, Tyrol — Montepiano, Dobrud- 

 schka, Dalmatia (Mann), Tyrol — Taufers, common (Weiler), Lavantthal (Hofner), 

 Briinn (Gartner), Galicia — Lemberg (Nowicki). Belgium : Soignes (Fologne). 

 ? Denmark (Bang-Haas). France: Doubs — mts. of Barehey near Les Ages 

 (Bruand), ?Aube (Jourdheuille), [?Berthemont-les-Bains, ? Thorenc (Milliere)]. 

 Germany: Dresden (Fischer), Freiburg (Siebold), Batisbon, Erlangen (Hofmann), 

 ? Breslau (Wocke), Waldeck — Wildungen (Speyer), Munich (Hartmann), Dutzen- 

 teichwald near Nuremberg (E. Hofmann), Alsace, common (Peyerimhoff), Frankfort- 

 -on-Main (Koch), Steglitz, Finkenkrug, Hamburg, Halle, Stettin (Sorhagen), Ueber- 

 lingen, Lahr, Karlsruhe, Rhine Palatinate, Wurtemberg (Reutti), Nassau (Bossier), 

 Erfiirt (Keferstein). '/Netherlands (Snellen). Boumania : Neamtz, Varatic, 

 Slanic, Grumazesti, Tultscha (Caradja). Russia : Baltic provinces (Sintenis), 

 Kenimern (Tcich), Pichtendahl (Nolcken). Scandinavia : Sweden, East Gothland 

 (Wallengren). Switzerland: Lausanne (La Harpe), ?Vicge (Benteli). 



Solenobia mannii, Zeller. 



Synonymy. — Species: Mannii,* /ell., "Linn. Ent.," vii., pp. 346-8 (1852); 



* It is probable that Guenee's triquetrella belongs to S. mannii, the statement 

 " folliculum sat elongatum tineiforme," at least points rather to this than to S. 



M 



