226 BRITISH LEPIDOPTEHA. 



the three pairs of legs are blunt-tipped, the 2nd and 3rd pairs extending 

 beyond the antennae, the tarsi only of the 3rd pair being visible. The 

 abdominal skin is so thin that one can see, as it were, a vast number 

 of tiny white cells (? ova) within the pupa, especially in the upper 

 abdominal area. The scars of the prolegs are just observable on 

 abdominal segments 3-6 (much more obvious on the empty pupa) ; the 

 9th and 10th abdominal segments are dark ventrally, with several con- 

 spicuous long brown setae on their surface. The skin of the 7th 

 abdominal is practically transparent, and large well-developed ova are 

 visible through it. The genital organs on the 8th and 9th abdominal 

 segments are represented by a longitudinal scar on the 8th abdominal. 

 Laterally. — The forewings are moderately well-developed, extending 

 ventrally to the anterior edge of the 3rd abdominal segment, the hind- 

 wings, even at the base, scarcely noticeable. There is a conspicuous 

 longitudinal subspiracular flange, which is continued ventrally on 

 abdominal segment 8, posterior to which the ventral area is dark- 

 coloured, like the dorsum. The spiracles are slightly depressed, incon- 

 spicuous and well above the subspiracular flange ; there is, below each 

 spiracle, a conspicuous seta (iv), and a second less prominent one (v). 

 The 9th and 10th abdominal segments, dark laterally and ventrally, 

 bear several recurved setae. [Described April 20th, 1899, from $ 

 pupa, taken by Eev. Or. H. Eaynor, at Hazeleigh.] Ver Huell notes 

 the male pupa as having the " head slightly prominent, the wing-, 

 leg-, and antenna-cases yellow, the hindwings projecting somewhat 

 behind those of the forewings ; the colour of the rest of the body 

 greyish ochre-yellow, of the back brownish." The female pupa is 

 noted as " cylindrical, blunt in front, ochreous-yellow in colour, the 

 posterior segments whitish, the dorsum light brown with interrupted 

 black transverse stripes ; the antenna- and wing-cases projecting, small 

 wing-cases being present (although the ? moth is wingless)." 



Food-plants. — The powdery lichens growing on palings, &c. 

 (Edleston), on tree-lichens (Heinemann), lichens on tree-trunks 

 (Bankes), on lichens growing on rocks, as well as on trees (Bruand), 

 moss (Ver Huell). [Healy notes that larvae of T. tubulosa that were 

 in a jar, where four female Diplodoma herminata emerged during the 

 last week of April, 1860, ate the D. herminata and afterwards other 

 small moths that he offered them. Later, another larva ate house- 

 flies and a male of its own species, fixing a wing of the latter upright 

 on the top of its case, whilst others fed on moribund woodlice, flies, 

 &c] Kossler says that the larva as a rule eats lichens, but can be 

 reared on lettuce, whereby the imago obtains a lighter colour. 



Parasites. — Cnjptus sjnralis, Gr., Hemiteles elongatus, Ktzb., 

 Hemiteles sp. ? bred by von Siebold (Hofmann). 



Habits and Habitat. — The male flies (but not very actively) in 

 the sunshine, whilst the female, after its exclusion, sits in an almost 

 perfectly straight position, i.e., not curved as in Solenobiids, Fumeids, 

 &c, on its case, and there awaits the male, the abdomen hanging 

 downwards when the case is in its normal vertical position. Zeller 

 states that the male hides, and may be beaten out of the herbage ; 

 Stainton has beaten the males out as late as 9 p.m. The imagines are 

 generally bred or caught at rest on the fences and tree-trunks to 

 which the larva? attach their cases before pupation, but the early 

 habits of the insect, until the larvae climb to their pupating-places, are 



