TALEPORIA TUBULOSA. 227 



almost unknown. No place seems to be amiss to it. Beech and fir 

 woods, roadsides, dry ground and marshes, cemeteries, &c, are all 

 recorded as its haunts. Wilkinson notes the cases as very abundant 

 at Scarborough, on sycamore trunks ; and Cambridge notes them as 

 common at Bloxworth, on Scotch fir-trunks. Bower notices that all 

 tbe cases he has found contained pupae or larvae that had already fixed 

 their cases, or full-fed larvae wandering about to find a place in which to 

 spin up ; the larvae appear to prefer a fence to a tree-trunk, to which to fix 

 their cases, but few things seem to escape attention. Atmore says that 

 the cases are most frequently found in Norfolk on trunks of oaks, or on 

 palings near oaks ; the imagines fly high in bright, still and warm 

 weather, frequently in sunshine. The cases common near Doncaster on 

 beech, ash, sycamore and old palings, both sexes are freely bred 

 (Corbett). The cases are to be found all over Cannock Chase, but 

 they prefer Scotch fir, although also to be found on alder, and less 

 commonly on birches and palings, usually about 3ft. -4ft. from the 

 ground. Only about 15 per cent, of those bred are males (Freer). 

 Nolcken found the cases on birch stems, and Lienig on poplar stems, 

 in April and early May, in the Baltic provinces. In Brandenburg, 

 Sorhagen records it as almost everywhere in woods and gardens on 

 tree-trunks. In Alsace it frequents shady woods (Peyerimhoff) . At 

 Arnhem the cases are found most frequently on beech-trunks (Ver 

 Huell). Along the Alpes-Maritimes the cases are to be found on 

 mossy rocks and old stone walls exposed to the east and west ; the 

 larva lives on the lichen growing in such places, and fixes its long 

 case, ridged and papery, a month before the emergence of the imago. 

 It is unknown in the neighbourhood of Cannes (Milliere). At Batisbon 

 the cases are more generally found on birch-trunks, sometimes, how- 

 ever, on rocks ; whilst at Erlangen they are usually found on oak- 

 trunks (Hofmann). 



Time of appearance. — Stephens notes the end of May, near 

 London, which is unusually early, the first fortnight of June being the 

 average time of emergence. June 30th, 1849, resting on Dartford 

 Heath palings, 5-6 p.m.; June 4th, 1850, bred from cases on Dartford 

 Heath fence ; June 21st, 1850, beaten out of elm, at Lewisham, at 

 9 p.m. ; June 15th, 1857, bred from collected cases ; June 6th, 1858, 

 at Lewisham and Beckenham, at rest on palings ; June 10th, 1858, 

 bred from a case found by Vaughan on Aster tripolium, at Bristol 

 (Stainton) ; June 6th, 1858, near Bristol (Wallace) ; May 6th, 1860, 

 larvae on fence, at West Wickham, spun up May 12th ; other cases 

 May 20th, 1860, on fences and trees (some beaten out of birch), many 

 on Addington fence ; further cases on May 27th, 1860, on fence at 

 West Wickham, all pupated by this date, the first male appeared June 

 9th, others June 10th, males and females June 11th, others on the 

 14th, 17th, 20th (many), July 4th, 5th, 6th, &c. ; larvas on fence at 

 Norwood, May 12th, 1861 (Healy) ; cases on fences and trees on April 

 26th, 1871, April 7th-May 15th, 1894, imagines bred June 7th, 1886, 

 June 15th, 1888, "assembled" June 27th, 1893, at Rainham 

 (Burrows) ; cases on oak-trunks July 16th, 1898, at Hockley (Whittle) ; 

 April 5th, 1886, cases on fences, at Bexley, May 20th, 1887, cases on 

 fences at same place, the imagines bred June 16th-18th, 1887 ; June 

 18th, 1H90, five imagines on fences, at Bexley, May 28th, 1891, cases 

 at same place, imagines bred June 16th, 1891 ; June 30th, 1891, 



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