LUFFIA LAPIDELLA. 243 



front (viewed dorsally), no anal hooks or hairs, the dorsal spines 

 similar to those noted under B. septum ; the long six-sided minute plates 

 of the intersegmental membrane carry several rows of sharp conical 

 points. Antennas very short, two-thirds (or less) length of wings, not 

 reaching end of 1st legs. Jaws very large ; maxillae rounded (can 

 hardly be called triangular having no angles) , no definite palpi ; labium 

 short, wider at end, no division into palpi ; length hardly exceeds 

 labrum ; 2nd legs nearly to end of wing, 3rd beyond ; wings half way 

 down 1st abdominal segment. 



The male pupa is partly extruded on emergence from the larval case ; 

 the female pupa is not extruded and the female lays her eggs within 

 the empty pupal skin. The upper end of the pupal skin appears to be 

 closed by a wad of silky hairs when the eggs have been laid (Bacot) . 

 The larva pupates in its ordinary case. The pupae which have been 

 extracted from their cases appear to be very similar to tbose obtained 

 from ordinary lepidopterous larvae. When the imago is ready to 

 emerge, the pupa protrudes itself from the case for rather more than 

 half its length (Reaumur). As Reaumur notes that he bred nothing 

 but females, this statement is rather remarkable. 



Food-plants. — The larvaa feed principally upon a common whitish 

 lichen on walls and rocks named Lecidea canescens, numbers also are 

 to be found on walls quite bare of lichens, but covered with the com- 

 mon Pleurococcus vulgaris (Luff). A minute powdery grey lichen on 

 rocks (Bankes). The smallest lichens on rocks and old walls 

 (Milliere). 



Time op appeakance. — The last fortnight of June and first fort- 

 night of July, in Guernsey. June and July, in Piedmont (Ghiliani), 

 July, at Paris (Duponchel). Luff notes the first emergence in 

 Guernsey, in confinement, on June 22nd, 1899 (although empty male 

 pupa-cases were observed on the walls on June 17th), several females 

 on 24th and 25th, two males on the 26th, four or five males and 

 several females from June 27th-30th, four males and two females on 

 July 2nd, one male on July 3rd, and three males and several females 

 on July 4th ; they kept coming out until July 15th, when one male 

 was bred. This proved to be the last, and altogether 34 males and about 

 the same number of females were bred. Bacot notes the following 

 dates — one female June 28th, one male and one female June 29th, one 

 male June 30th, one male July 1st, two males July 5th, and another 

 male on July 13th, whilst on intermediate dates not noted, at least 

 half-a-dozen more males and the same number of females emerged, all 

 from Guernsey larvae. He also states that from Brione larvae no males 

 were obtained, but females emerged on July 5th, 8th and 9th. Female 

 imagines emerged August 17th, 20r,h, 23rd, 26th, 30fch, and males on 

 September 4th, 8th, 1898, from larvae obtained on lichens on rocks 

 at Corte in Corsica (Walsingham), imagines in April, 1885, at Tenerife 

 in the Canaries (Rebel). 



Habits and Habitat. — The female emerges from the free end of 

 the larval-case, leaving the pupal skin within ; the male pupal skin is, 

 however, drawn out for some distance (nearly to the wing-cases), and 

 remains attached to the case. The female clings to the free end of 

 the case, remains perfectly still with the ovipositor extruded (to a 

 length rather greater than that of the body) for some days or until 

 copulation takes place. The male is very active (reminds one some- 



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