MAORO-PSTOHIKA. 271 



Scales. — Flattened, sometimes quite transparent, similar to the preceding 

 except that the apex is cut off and blunt, these lead by gradual transitions to scales 

 that are almost as broad as long, and represent the commonest form of lepidopterous 

 scales. 



Canephora unicolor is said by Standfuss to be fully scaled, Pachy- 

 thelia villosella and Acanthopsyche opacella scaled in part, Sterrhopterix 

 hirsutella, S. standfussi, Megalophanes stetinensis, M. viadrina and 

 Stenophanes graslinella to have only hairs or hair-scales. These group- 

 ings based on the scale-structure agree in the main with Standfuss' 

 divisions — Pupicolae and Pupifugae. These latter were based on the 

 habit of the female, and are denned as follows : 



(1) The females never leave the larval case = Pupicolae. 



(2) The females have the power of leaving the larval case = Pupifugae. 



The Pupicolae are all placed by Standfuss in the genus Empedo- 

 psyche. The Pupifugae are subdivided into (1) Oreopsyche (agreeing 

 with Oreopsyche, Speyer), and (2) Psyche (including the modern genera 

 Canephora, PachytheUa, Acanthopsyche, &c). He notes that the 

 females of the first of these subdivisions are more modified"- (or, as he 

 says, have a lower organisation) than those of the second, those of the 

 first group having the eyes extremely rudimentary and the sharply 

 bent head very small, whilst those of the second group have the eyes 

 and legs less rudimentary (in C. unicolor and P. villosella an articula- 

 tion can sometimes be distinctly recognised). 



Wallengren divides the Scandinavian species into four groups, two 

 of which are based on the scale structure and two on neuration, 

 suggesting that the first two groupings are possibly of tribal or sub- 

 family value, the latter simply generic. These are : 



(1) Lepidopsyche : Alas squamis tectae — unicolor. 



(2) Psyche : Alee diaphanae, pilosulas — viciella, stetinensis, graslinella, villo- 

 sella, opacella. 



(3) Trichopsyche : Costa subcostalis tota libera, nee cum costa mediana per 

 costam transversam connexa — fusca. 



(4) Carchesiopsyche : Costa snbeostalis alarum posticarum omnino nulla — 

 plumifera, muscella, angustella, plumistrella, hirsutella, W.-V. 



We may here note the bearing of the peculiar mode of copulation 

 in the higher Psychids on a structural peculiarity of the male moths, 

 viz., the loss of spurs on the posterior tibia?. These spurs are exceed- 

 ingly well-developed in the Luffiid, Fumeid, and Micro-Psychid 

 divisions of the superfamily, as, also, in the Epichnopterygids, and are 

 present in part in some Macro-Psychids (Oiketicids and Acantho- 

 psychids). It would appear that in the Empedopsychids and Oreo- 

 psychids not only are these spurs absent, but also those of the anterior 

 tibia? (retained by most other Psychids), and it is supposed that their 

 loss has resulted from the resistance they might offer to their insertion 

 in the ? puparium with the abdomen, when pairing is taking place. 

 The Acanthopsychid males have only the end pair of the spurs of the 

 posterior tibia?, and these extremely short, but the male Epichnop- 

 terygids, although the 5 s remain within the puparium, have the two 

 pairs well-developed. 



* This really is the result arrived at on other grounds — scaling, tibial spurs, 

 &c.~ the Oreopsychids and Empedopsychids being more modified than the 

 Psychids (as here used by Standfuss). Like Hofmann, Standfuss considers that 

 these very modified females have a " lower " organisation than have those of the 

 Fumeids, &c, with well-developed legs, antennae, &c. 



