PBOUTIA BETULINA. 291 



Pupa. — Male : The pupa has the general Macro-Psychid characters, 

 in that the segmental incision between abdominal segments 2-3 is 

 movable dorsally, segments 3-7 are free, a single row of hooks to 

 anterior margin of abdominal segments 3-8, intersegmental hooks on 

 segments 4-7, and two ventro-anal hooks. Length about 5*5mm., 

 width about l*5mm.; tapers gradually from about 4th or 5th abdo- 

 minal, the width of the 10th abdominal segment being about •3mm.; 

 the pupa is fairly straight, the only curvature being in the last three 

 segments, which throws forward the ventro-anal hooks. The colour is 

 yellow-brown on the thorax, but approaching fuscous on the abdominal 

 segments, the whole pupa looking darker, heavier, andstronger than those 

 of Fumea crassiorella or F. casta (nitidella). The anterior dorsal hooks 

 are on a transverse ridge, and are not in very accurate alignment, but 

 are still distinctly one row, except, perhaps, on the 7th segment, where 

 two rows may be distinguished ; there are about 28-30 hooks on the 5th 

 abdominal segment ; the hooks get fewer and more confined to the 

 middle line further back, whilst the ridge on which they are situated 

 gets higher, so that on the 7th and 8th they are about six or seven in 

 number, but large and bold, and on a ridge that reminds one of the 

 ventral flange of the 7th abdominal segment of Hepialus. The 

 posterior (intersegmental) row of hooks is about 22 in number where 

 best developed (on 4 and 5), and evanescent laterally ; they form very 

 definite sharp spines medially. The prolegs are very well marked, con- 

 sisting of a depressed oval line with a central elevation. The 

 spiracles are at the summit of dark brown cones, which are surrounded 

 by a circular line, which is, however, hardly elevated. The position 

 of the obsolete 8th abdominal spiracle is occupied by a conical projec- 

 tion, directed somewhat backwards, that is much larger than the other 

 spiracles, and is no doubt an accessory anal armature. Some little 

 way above the marks of the prolegs are similar oval depressions, 

 smaller, and with their long axes longitudinal, and again above these 

 is a depressed line ; these no doubt represent the elements of the 

 lateral flange. Some of the ordinary tubercles bear very distinct brown 

 bristles, others are difficult to detect, owing to being broken off or to 

 the particular incidence of light — probably all are present ; iv and v are 

 below the spiracle, of which the anterior is shorter and the posterior 

 longer, vi is not clearly detected, but vii and viii are very evident ; 

 dorsally ii is distinct, but i and iii are less clearly determinable, but i 

 is seen on the anterior segments, and iii is well marked on 6 and 7. 

 The anal hooks are dark and terminate in a sharp point, between 

 them is the longitudinal anal line ; before this, and between and in 

 front of the hooks, are two definite rough points ; on the 8th abdo- 

 minal is the genital longitudinal line, with a rounded eminence on 

 either side ; it also possesses two dorsal hairs on either side ; the 9th 

 abdominal appears to possess three tubercles on either side, but the 10th 

 is without any. The surface dorsally is marked behind the spines by 

 transverse ridges that might be taken for subsegments, six or seven in 

 number, but tbat they are not continuous, anastomose in some cases, 

 and narrow to points and disappear in others ; the surface, examined more 

 minutely, is seen to be dotted with fine points ; the intersegmental 

 membrane is finely marked into hexagons with the centres thickened 

 (and raised ?). The thoracic portion is dorsally about 1.8mm. in length, 

 smooth, finely marked by transverse rows of points ; on the meso- 



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